1979 in spaceflight
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The following is an outline of 1979 in spaceflight.
Launches
Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) | Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | |||
Remarks | ||||||||
January | ||||||||
11 January 15:07[1] | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | Reconnaissance | 20 January 1979 | Successful | ||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
13 January 15:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
16 January 17:37 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (82.9 degrees inclination) | Navigation | unknown | Successful | ||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
18 January 15:42 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely elliptical orbit (64.1 degrees inclination) | Communications | unknown | Successful | ||||
Civilian payload (1750 kg) | ||||||||
25 January 05:43 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | SSO | Meteorology | unknown | Successful | ||||
Civilian payload (1100 kg) | ||||||||
30 January 15:15 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
30 January 21:42 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | USAF | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (4.9 degrees inclination) | Communications Technology demo | In orbit | Successful | |||
Experimental military payload (360 kg) | ||||||||
31 January 09:00:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (51.6 degrees inclination) | Test flight | unknown | Successful | ||||
Military payload (7000 kg) | ||||||||
February | ||||||||
6 February 08:46 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | NASDA | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (0.7 degrees inclination) | Communications | unknown | Partial failure | |||
Civilian payload (260 kg). Spacecraft has failed 9 February 1979 during apogee kick motor burn after recontact with 3rd stage | ||||||||
8 February 10:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (65.8 degrees inclination) | Radar calibration | unknown | Successful | ||||
Military payload (1080 kg) | ||||||||
12 February 13:00:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (82.5 degrees inclination) | Earth observation | unknown | Successful | ||||
Military payload (1900 kg) | ||||||||
13 February 21:41 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2500 kg) | ||||||||
16 February 15:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | no | 16 February 1979 | Failed to reach orbit | |||||
Military payload | ||||||||
18 February 18:59:00[2] | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | NASA | Low Earth (54.9 degrees inclination) | Earth observation | 11 April 1989 | Successful | |||
Civilian payload (148.7 kg) | ||||||||
21 February 05:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | ISAS | Low Earth (29.9 degrees inclination) | X-ray astronomy | 16 April 1985 | Successful | |||
Civilian payload (100 kg) | ||||||||
21 February 07:49:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | Satellite television | unknown | Successful | ||||
Civilian payload (1970 kg) | ||||||||
22 February 12:10 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
24 February 08:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (97.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1331 kg) | ||||||||
25 February 11:53:49 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (Salyut 6) | Salyut 6 EO-3 | 13 June 16:18:26 | Successful | ||||
Crewed flight launching with two cosmonauts, remained in orbit past design life due to Soyuz 33 failure, returned to Earth uncrewed | ||||||||
27 February 15:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (67.1 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6700 kg) | ||||||||
27 February 17:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Interkosmos | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | Ionospheric research | unknown | Successful | |||
Civilian payload (1015 kg). Collaboration between USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. | ||||||||
March | ||||||||
1 March 18:45:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1300 kg) | ||||||||
12 March 05:47:28 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Salyut 6 orbit (Low Earth (51.6 degrees inclination)) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (7020 kg) | ||||||||
14 March 10:50 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6700 kg) | ||||||||
15 March 02:58 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (8x61 kg) | ||||||||
16 March 18:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | SSO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (13300 kg to SSO, 60 kg to LEO (95.8 degrees)) | ||||||||
21 March 04:13 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (83.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
31 March 10:45 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
April | ||||||||
7 April 06:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (82.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
10 April 17:34:34 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (Intended: Salyut 6) | Taxi flight | 12 April 16:35 | Spacecraft failure | ||||
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, first Bulgarian in space, main engine failed during rendezvous manoeuvres, docking aborted and spacecraft deorbited using backup engines | ||||||||
11 April 21:51 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (82.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
12 April 00:28:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (64.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1600 kg) | ||||||||
14 April 05:27 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | ELINT | 23 March 2000 | Successful | ||||
Military payload (2500 kg) | ||||||||
18 April 12:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (65.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (3000 kg) | ||||||||
20 April 11:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
25 April 03:44:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1965 kg) | ||||||||
25 April 10:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (65.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (4000 kg) | ||||||||
27 April 17:15 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.7 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6700 kg) | ||||||||
May | ||||||||
4 May 18:57:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GTO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1884 kg) | ||||||||
13 May 04:17:10 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Salyut 6 orbit (51.6 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (7020 kg) | ||||||||
15 May 11:40 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
17 May 07:10 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
22 May 23:00:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (51.6 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2x9000 kg) | ||||||||
25 May 07:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
28 May 18:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | SSO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (4000 kg) | ||||||||
31 May 16:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.7 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
31 May 17:58 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (82.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
June | ||||||||
2 June 23:26 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | unknown | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload | ||||||||
5 June 23:28 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1750 kg) | ||||||||
6 June 18:12:41 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (Salyut 6) | Crew return | 19 August 12:29 | Successful | ||||
Launched uncrewed to replace Soyuz 32 which had passed the end of its design life, landed with two cosmonauts | ||||||||
6 June 18:22:12 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | US Air Force | Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Successful | |||
7 June 10:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (50.7 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (441 kg) | ||||||||
8 June 07:10 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
10 June 13:30:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1170 kg) | ||||||||
12 June 07:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.4 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
15 June 10:50 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
22 June 07:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
27 June 15:51:59 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (98.5 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (723 kg) | ||||||||
27 June 18:11:23 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (62.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1250 kg) | ||||||||
28 June 09:25:11 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Salyut 6 orbit(51.6 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1020 kg) | ||||||||
28 June 20:09 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (875 kg) | ||||||||
29 June 16:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
July | ||||||||
5 July 23:19:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (2120 kg) | ||||||||
6 July 08:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (50.7 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1190 kg) | ||||||||
10 July 09:00:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (65.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
11 July 15:41 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (900 kg) | ||||||||
13 July 08:25 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
20 July 11:58 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2500 kg) | ||||||||
25 July 15:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
27 July 07:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
27 July 21:28 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | 27 July 1979 | Failure to reach orbit after 2nd stage malfunction | ||||||
Civilian payload (770 kg) | ||||||||
31 July 03:56 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (64.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1600 kg) | ||||||||
August | ||||||||
3 August 10:45 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
10 August 00:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GTO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Commercial payload (574 kg) | ||||||||
10 August 02:28 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | 10 August 1979 | Failed to reach orbit due control valve malfunction in 2nd stage | ||||||
Civilian payload (30 kg) | ||||||||
11 August 09:15:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (70.4 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
14 August 15:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (67.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6700 kg) | ||||||||
17 August 07:45 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
21 August 11:10 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
28 August 00:17:04 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (68 degrees inclination) | unknown | Launch successful. Satellite exploded 9 September 1979 into 8 pieces. | |||||
Military payload (1250 kg) | ||||||||
28 August 00:55 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (875 kg) | ||||||||
31 August 11:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
September | ||||||||
5 September 10:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.3 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
14 September 15:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
20 September 05:28 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (43.6 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (3150 kg) | ||||||||
25 September 15:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (62.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
25 September 21:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (8x61 kg) | ||||||||
28 September 12:20 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.8 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
October | ||||||||
1 October 11:22:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | unknown | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (820 kg) | ||||||||
3 October 17:12:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1970 kg) | ||||||||
5 October 11:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (5500 kg) | ||||||||
11 October 16:36 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.1 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (875 kg) | ||||||||
12 October 12:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | 12 October 1979 | Failed to reach orbit | ||||||
16 October 12:17 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (83.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (810 kg) | ||||||||
20 October 07:03 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Extremely Elliptical Orbit (64.7 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1600 kg) | ||||||||
22 October 12:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
26 October 18:12 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2500 kg) | ||||||||
30 October 14:16 | ![]() | ![]() | ||||||
![]() | Low Earth (96.8 degrees inclination) | 11 June 1980 | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (181 kg) | ||||||||
31 October 09:25:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1300 kg) | ||||||||
November | ||||||||
1 November 08:05 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (74.0 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (1100 kg) | ||||||||
2 November 16:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (67.1 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6700 kg) | ||||||||
21 November 02:09:36 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2x612 kg) | ||||||||
27 November 09:55 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (81.2 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (2500 kg) | ||||||||
December | ||||||||
5 December 09:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (65.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (1000 kg) | ||||||||
7 December 01:35 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GTO | unknown | Satellite failed while being on the GTO, has been destroyed | |||||
Commercial payload (895 kg) | ||||||||
12 December 12:30 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (72.9 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) | ||||||||
16 December 12:29:50 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Salyut 6 orbit (51.6 degrees inclination) | 21:47, 25 March 1980 | Successful | |||||
Salyut 6 orbit boost mission completed | ||||||||
24 December 17:14:38 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | ESA | Low Earth | Technology | 27 November 1989 | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of the Ariane 1, and the Ariane family[3] | ||||||||
28 December 11:51:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | GEO | unknown | Successful | |||||
Civilian payload (2120 kg) | ||||||||
28 December 13:00 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||||
![]() | Low Earth (67.1 degrees inclination) | unknown | Successful | |||||
Military payload (6000 kg) |
Deep Space Rendezvous
Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
5 March | Voyager 1 | Flyby of Jupiter | Closest approach: 280,000 kilometres (170,000 mi) |
9 July | Voyager 2 | Flyby of Jupiter | Closest approach: 645,000 kilometres (401,000 mi) |
1 September | Pioneer 11 | Flyby of Saturn | Closest approach: 20,900 kilometres (13,000 mi) |
EVAs
Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 August 14:16 | 1 hour 23 minutes | 15:39 | Salyut 6 PE-3 | ![]() ![]() | Removed the KRT-10 antenna that had failed to separate from Salyut and had fouled the aft docking port target. After disposing of the antenna, Ryumin collected samples of damaged insulation and a retrieved a micrometeoroid detector.[4] |
References
- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:
Spaceflight portal
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Footnotes
- ^ "Cosmos 1070". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
- ^ "SAGE". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Hughes, J. (1996) Larousse Desk Reference Encloypedia London RD Press
- ^ Portree, David S. F. (March 1995). "Mir Hardware Heritage" (PDF). NASA. p. 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.