1 Samuel 27

First Book of Samuel chapter
1 Samuel 27
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The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookFirst book of Samuel
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part3
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part9

1 Samuel 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.[7]

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 12 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[8] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–2, 8–12.[9][10][11][12]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} A; 5th century).[13][a]

Places

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Places mentioned in this chapter

David in Gath (27:1–4)

David decided to cross over into Philistine territory to escape from Saul (verse 1), which was immediately achieved (verse 4), and stayed as a vassal of King Achish of Gath for one year and four months (verse 7).[15] When the first time David was in Gath, he had to feign insanity to escape (1 Samuel 21:10–15), but this time, with 600 loyal soldiers and the report of his fallout with Saul, David was well received as a group of mercenaries for the Philistines, a common practice in the ancient Near East as documented in various sources.[16][17][18]

Verse 2

And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath.[19]
  • "Achish, the son of Maoch": the additional identification of a father may imply this king to be different from the one David met in 1 Samuel 21.[20] He is considered identical with Achish, son of Maachah (1 Kings 2:39).[21]

David in Ziklag (27:5–12)

For a brief period he and his army lived "in the royal city" with Achish (which is in Gath), but by his own request, he later settled in Ziklag, presumably was given by Achish to him in return for military service and since then became a crown property of Judean kings.[15] From Ziklag, David attacked Israel's enemies, the Geshurites, the Girzites, and the Amalekites, but giving the impression to Achish that he was attacking enemies of the Philistines. By conquering these prospective enemies and collecting booty, David actually was making preparations for his kingship.[15]

Verse 6

Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day. Therefore, Ziklag has belonged to the kings of Judah to this day.[22]
  • "Ziklag": allotted to the tribes of Simeon and Judah in Joshua 15:31; 19:5, but the location is unknown, some identifying it with Tell el-Khuweilfeh, north of Beersheba, others with Tell esh-Sheri 'ah, south-east of Gaza.[15][23]

See also

  • Related Bible parts: 1 Samuel 21, 1 Samuel 25, 1 Samuel 26

    • Notes

    1. ^ The whole book of 1 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[14]

    References

    1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 183.
    2. ^ Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
    3. ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
    4. ^ Jones 2007, p. 197.
    5. ^ Jones 2007, p. 209.
    6. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 433 Hebrew Bible.
    7. ^ Jones 2007, p. 207.
    8. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
    9. ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 287.
    10. ^ "General Info | The Way To Yahuweh". 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
    11. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
    12. ^ "The Dead Sea Scrolls – 4Q Multiple Compositions". The Dead Sea Scrolls – 4Q Multiple Compositions. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
    13. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
    14. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
    15. ^ a b c d Jones 2007, p. 213.
    16. ^ Lemche, N.P (1978) "David's Rise", JSOT 10:12–14
    17. ^ Bodi, Daniel (2014) "The story of Samuel, Saul and David", in Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources, Bill T. Arnold; Richard S. Hess (eds.), Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, p. 215
    18. ^ Evans 2018, pp. 270–271.
    19. ^ 1 Samuel 27:2 KJV
    20. ^ "1 Samuel 27 Benson Commentary". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
    21. ^ "1 Samuel 27 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
    22. ^ 1 Samuel 27:6 MEV
    23. ^ Evans 2018, p. 272.

    Sources

    Commentaries on Samuel

    • Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
    • Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8054-0107-3.
    • Chapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4674-4516-0.
    • Evans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-49094-4.
    • Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 978-0-310-23022-9.
    • Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-664-22318-2.
    • Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2359-5.

    General

    • Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
    • Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-528881-0.
    • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9.
    • Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
    • Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18827-1.
    • Jones, Gwilym H. (2007). "12. 1 and 2 Samuel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 196–232. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
    • Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4.
    • Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-29289-6.
    • Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
    • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
    • Jewish translations:
      • Shmuel I – I Samuel – Chapter 27 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
    • Christian translations:
      • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
      • 1 Samuel chapter 27. Bible Gateway
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