2016–17 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
2016–17 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season | |
---|---|
![]() Season summary map | |
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | July 15, 2016 |
Last system dissipated | March 14, 2017 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Enawo |
• Maximum winds | 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 932 hPa (mbar) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total disturbances | 7, 1 unofficial |
Total depressions | 7 |
Total storms | 5 |
Tropical cyclones | 3 |
Intense tropical cyclones | 1 |
Very intense tropical cyclones | 0 |
Total fatalities | 356 total |
Total damage | $617 million (2017 USD) (Third-costliest South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season on record) |
Related articles | |
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 |
The 2016–17 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below-average season, with five tropical storms, three of which intensified into tropical cyclones. It officially began on November 15, 2016, and ended on April 30, 2017, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on May 15, 2017. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin were monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion, though the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued unofficial advisories.
Seasonal forecasts
On November 4, the Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS) released their summer 2016–17 outlook. It is expected that six to eight cyclones will form in the Southwest Indian Ocean throughout the season from November through the first half of May. This is in addition to the two cyclones, Abela and Bransby, that formed before the outlook period. MMS also indicated that the region south of Diego Garcia would be a center of focus for cyclone formation.[1]
Seasonal summary
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1c0qnh8ql86u49jt3azu9y56dhf4yfm.png)
Despite a weak season, the first named tropical cyclone, Abela formed early on July 15. A subtropical depression formed after three months. There were no tropical cyclones in the basin in November, December or January.
Systems
Severe Tropical Storm Abela
Severe tropical storm (MFR) | |
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | July 15 – July 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min); 987 hPa (mbar) |
On July 15, a tropical depression formed to the southwest of Diego Garcia.[2] This marked only the fourth occurrence of a tropical cyclone existing in the southwest Indian Ocean during the month of July, with the others being 1971, Tropical Depression M2 in 1997 and Tropical Cyclone 01U in July 2007.[3][4] The next day, the depression acquired moderate tropical storm status as gale-force winds extended more than halfway around the center.[2] The system tracked west-southwest, organizing slowly in the face of moderate vertical wind shear. On the evening of July 17, RSMC La Réunion initiated warnings on the storm after a scatterometer pass revealed 75 km/h (45 mph) winds. At the same time, Mauritius Meteorological Services named the storm Abela.[5] The small system briefly attained severe tropical storm strength the next day as a low-level eye developed.[2][6] Abela began to weaken quickly in the subsequent hours as it moved into a region with cool sea surface temperatures and low oceanic potential.[7] Abela became a remnant low on July 20 as it neared the coast of Madagascar.[2]
Subtropical Depression Bransby
Subtropical depression (MFR) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | October 3 – October 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min); 987 hPa (mbar) |
A zone of disturbed weather developed into a subtropical depression to the south of Madagascar on October 2.[8] The subtropical depression was analysed in post-analysis to have developed peak winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) on October 3.[8] The system slowly weakened as it executed an anticyclonic loop until it had winds of 75 km/h (45 mph) early on October 5, when RSMC La Réunion began to operationally warn on the system and Direction Generale de la Meteorologie (DGM) of Madagascar named it Bransby.[9] Bransby went unmonitored by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center until the next day. The storm continued to weaken throughout the day until it was barely producing gale-force winds. The next day, Bransby developed a defined banding eye as it re-intensified and accelerated to the southeast.[10] Six hours later, Bransby reattained its peak intensity. RSMC La Réunion noted that Bransby had once again developed winds of 95 km/h (60 mph), equivalent to that of the severe tropical storm rating given to tropical cyclones of the same intensity.[8] Throughout the evening of October 6, the organization of Bransby deteriorated rapidly as northwesterly wind shear took its toll, resulting in rapid weakening.[11] On October 7, Bransby became a remnant low with an elongated circulation devoid of convection while moving over 16 °C waters.[12]
Tropical Depression 03
Tropical depression (MFR) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | January 27 – January 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min); 1005 hPa (mbar) |
A tropical disturbance developed in the Indian Ocean on January 27.[13] The system rapidly developed, and Météo-France upgraded the system to a depression six hours later.[14] The system was short-lived; the depression would later weaken and Météo-France discontinued advisories for the system on January 28.[15]
Tropical Cyclone Carlos
Tropical cyclone (MFR) | |
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | February 3 – February 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min); 965 hPa (mbar) |
A tropical disturbance formed to the north of Mauritius on January 27.[16] Over the next few days, it gradually organized under low to moderate shear, until Météo-France upgraded the disturbance to a depression.[17] 12 hours later, the agency further upgraded the system, naming it 'Carlos'.[18] The JTWC would follow suit at the same time, designating it as '04S'.[19] Carlos intensified further until Météo-France upgraded Carlos to a severe tropical storm; the system would later weaken, becoming exposed on February 6.[20] Then, Carlos reintensified; the storm would later peak on February 9, with sustained winds of 70 knots and a pressure of 965 mb.[21][19] Afterwards, Carlos rapidly weakened below category 1 strength,[22][19] then undergo extratropical transition, a process that will be completed by February 10.[23][19] Both agencies would monitor the extratropical system until Carlos completely dissipated by February 13.[24][19]
Tropical Cyclone Dineo
Tropical cyclone (MFR) | |
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | February 13 – February 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min); 955 hPa (mbar) |
The origins of Dineo can be tracked back to a cluster of thunderstorms that organized into an area of low pressure in the Mozambique Channel on February 11. Over the next two days, the system gradually drifted in a generally southern track as it gained intensity and prompted the JTWC to issue a TCFA.[25] On February 13, RSMC La Réunion had declared that a Tropical Disturbance has formed in the area and began issuing advisories.[26] Located in a very favorable environment, the depression quickly gained intensity and both the RSMC and JTWC had noted winds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) later that day, with the RSMC subsequently naming the storm Dineo.[27][28]
Dineo struck Mozambique on February 15 as a tropical cyclone, bringing torrential rain and damaging winds.[29] Dineo was the first tropical cyclone to hit Mozambique since Cyclone Jokwe in 2008.[30] Satellite-derived estimates indicated up to 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain fell in Inhambane.[29] At least seven people were killed across the country,[31] including a child crushed by a fallen tree in Massinga.[32] An estimated 20,000 homes were destroyed and approximately 130,000 people were directly affected.[31] Widespread flooding took place in Zimbabwe, with Mutare, Chiredzi, and Beitbridge particularly hard-hit.[33] At least 271 people were killed by the storm and damage exceeded US$200 million.[34][35][36] The storm's remnants triggered destructive floods in Botswana.[37] In the month following the storm, a cholera outbreak in Mozambique and Malawi infected more than 1,200 people and claimed 2 lives.[38]
Intense Tropical Cyclone Enawo
Intense tropical cyclone (MFR) | |
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | March 2 – March 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min); 932 hPa (mbar) |
A monsoon trough started to persist west of Diego Garcia in late February 2017 as the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) over the Indian Ocean grew more noticeable.[39] On 2 March, a zone of disturbed weather formed within the area, although it was initially difficult to define a clear centre;[40] later, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the improving low-level structure and favourable environmental conditions.[41] Only six hours after the system about 820 km (510 mi) north of Mauritius intensifying to a tropical disturbance, Météo-France upgraded it to a moderate tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on 3 March with the name Enawo from the Mauritius Meteorological Services, because of the recent ASCAT-B data suggesting gale-force winds.[42][43] The JTWC also began to issue tropical cyclone warnings on Enawo.[44]
Enawo developed into a severe tropical storm at around 18:00 UTC on 4 March, for showing an impressive embedded centre pattern associated with extremely cold cloud tops.[45] Enawo formed a ragged eye soon thanks to favourable conditions of excellent outflow, weaker vertical wind shear, and warm sea surface temperatures;[46] however, the strengthening phase was halted for a half of day owing to a possible eyewall replacement cycle.[47] Enawo started to intensify again and developed a well-defined eye indicated by both of satellite and microwave imageries, prompting Météo-France upgrading the system to an intense tropical cyclone at 12:00 UTC based on the structural improvements.[48] Enawo reached its peak intensity at 06:00 UTC on 7 March, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph) and the central pressure at 925 hPa (27.32 inHg).[49] Soon after that, Enawo made landfall over the area between Antalaha and Sambava in Sava Region, Madagascar at around 09:30 UTC (12:30 EAT), becoming the strongest landfall to the country since Gafilo in 2004.[50] The cyclone started to rapidly weaken due to land interaction with a cloud-filled eye and the warming cloud tops;[51] the JTWC also issued a final warning later for the inland movement.[52]
Moderate Tropical Storm Fernando
Moderate tropical storm (MFR) | |
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
![]() ![]() | |
Duration | March 6 – March 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 70 km/h (45 mph) (10-min); 992 hPa (mbar) |
A tropical wave developed far east off the British Indian Ocean Territory on March 3. Drifting slowly towards the southwest over the next couple of days, it gradually organized into a well marked area of low pressure.[53] On March 6, RSMC La Réunion began tracking the system as Tropical Disturbance 7.[54] As the low-level circulation center (LLCC) became more consolidated and bands of convection improved, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system;[55] and less than three hours later, RSMC La Réunion began tracking it as a tropical depression.[56] It wasn't until late on March 8, however, that the JTWC issued their first warning on the depression. The system was drifting southwestward under the influence of a strong subtropical ridge location just south of it. It was located about 940 kilometres (580 mi) south-sowthwest Diego Garcia when winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) were first noted.[57]
While the JTWC had reported tropical-storm force winds over the next two days, RSMC La Réunion only tracked it as a tropical depression until March 10 when both the agencies reported that the system had dissipated. RSMC had downgraded the depression to a Zone of Disturbed Weather while the JTWC reported that the LLCC was dissipating into a trough.[58][59] The system continued to track in a generally southwestern direction and exhibited subtropical characteristics. RSMC La Réunion resumed tracking it as a tropical depression on March 14.[60] Later that day, the RSMC had further upgraded the system to a Moderate Tropical Storm and named it Fernando, despite its subtropical nature.[61] RSMC La Réunion first reported the post-tropical nature of Fernando on March 15 at 00:00 UTC while the central pressure continued to drop.[62] They issued their final warning later that day.[63]
Other systems
During May 30, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology started to monitor Tropical Low 31U, which had developed about 2,000 km (1,245 mi) west of Jakarta, Indonesia.[64] Over the next few days, the system moved southwestwards and was classified as an area of low pressure by RSMC La Réunion, before it started to fill up and dissipated on June 2.[65]
Storm names
Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius names a storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E. If instead a cyclone intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm.
Beginning with the 2016–17 season, name lists within the South-West Indian Ocean have been rotated on a triennial basis. Storm names are only used once, thus any storm name used this year would be removed from rotation and replaced with a new name for the 2019–20 season. Names not used in 2016–17 would remain on the list for the 2019–20 season.[66]
|
|
|
After the season, the six names used were automatically retired and were replaced with Ambali, Belna, Calvinia, Diane, Esami and Francisco, respectively for the 2019–20 season.
Seasonal effects
This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2016–2017 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2016 or 2017 USD.
Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Abela | July 15–19 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) | Madagascar | None | None | [67] |
Bransby | October 3–6 | Subtropical depression | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) | None | None | None | [68] |
03 | January 27–28 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Carlos | February 3–10 | Tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Réunion, Mauritius | None | None | [69] |
Dineo | February 13–17 | Tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi | $217 million | 280 | [70][31][71][72] |
Enawo | March 2–10 | Intense tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | Madagascar, Réunion | $400 million | 78 | [73][74][75][72] |
Fernando | March 6–14 | Moderate tropical storm | 70 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Rodrigues | None | None | [76][77] |
Season aggregates | ||||||||
7 systems | July 15, 2016 – March 14, 2017 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | $617 million | 356 |
See also
- Weather of 2016 and 2017
- Tropical cyclones in 2016 and 2017
- List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
- Atlantic hurricane seasons: 2016, 2017
- Pacific hurricane seasons: 2016, 2017
- Pacific typhoon seasons: 2016, 2017
- North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2016, 2017
- 2016–17 Australian region cyclone season
- 2016–17 South Pacific cyclone season
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
References
- ^ Rajan Mungra (November 4, 2015). "Summer 2016–2017 Outlook for the Republic of Mauritius". Mauritius Meteorological Services. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "ABELA : 12/07/2016 AU 20/07/2016". Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Soulan, Alain; Remois, Paul; Caroff, Philippe; Le Bris, Gerard (1997). 1996-1997 Tropical Cyclone Season (PDF). Météo-France. p. 69. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- ^ Joe Courtney (August 16, 2007). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Unnamed Tropical Cyclone" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 3/1/20162017 MODERATE TROPICAL STORM 1 (ABELA)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 7/1/20162017 MODERATE TROPICAL STORM 1 (ABELA)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 9/1/20162017 MODERATE TROPICAL STORM 1 (ABELA)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ a b c "BRANSBY : 02/10/2016 AU 06/10/2016". Météo France. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 1/2/20162017 SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION 2 (BRANSBY)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 5/2/20162017 SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION 2 (BRANSBY)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) WARNING NUMBER: 8/2/20162017 SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION 2 (BRANSBY)" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "BULLETIN FOR CYCLONIC ACTIVITY AND SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER IN THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN 2016/10/07" (PDF). Météo France. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "Warning for Metarea VIII (S) issued by Meteo-France/Tropical Cyclone Center/La Reunion 27/01/2017 at 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
- ^ "Warning for Metarea VIII (S) issued by Meteo-France/Tropical Cyclone Center/La Reunion 27/01/2017 at 1800 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
- ^ "Warning for Metarea VIII (S) issued by Meteo-France/Tropical Cyclone Center/La Reunion 28/01/2017 at 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. January 27, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Best Track Data for Tropical Cyclone 04S (Carlos)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 9, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 9, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 10, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-west Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Météo-France. February 13, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) – Cyclone Dineo". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning 001 (RSMC) – Cyclone Dineo". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning (RSMC) 003 – Cyclone Dineo". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning (JTWC) 001 – Cyclone Dineo". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ a b Shenaaz Jamal (February 16, 2017). "Dineo lashed Mozambique with 200mm of rain". Times Live. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Dineo hits Mozambique". ReliefWeb. World Meteorological Organization. February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Storm Dineo kills at least seven people in Mozambique – govt". Times Live. Reuters. February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "Child 'killed by falling tree', as cyclone Dineo hits Mozambique". News 24. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Dineo Hits Zimbabwe". NewsdzeZimbabwe. February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "Companion Volume to Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight" (PDF). Aon Benfield. 24 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ "Urgent call for assistance to flood victims - Zimbabwe".
- ^ "Zimbabwe Flood Snapshot (As of 09 March 2017) - Zimbabwe".
- ^ Relief web
- ^ "Malawi Registers New Cases of Cholera". ReliefWeb. Voice of America. March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
- ^ "Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity And Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean" (PDF). Météo-France. 26 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Zone of Disturbed Weather 6 Warning Number: 1/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Disturbance 6 Warning Number: 3/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Moderate Tropical Storm 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 4/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone 09S (Nine) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Severe Tropical Storm 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 10/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 4 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 13/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 5 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 16/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Intense Tropical Cyclone 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 17/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Intense Tropical Cyclone 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 20/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Saisons cycloniques archivées" (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Intense Tropical Cyclone 6 (Enawo) Warning Number: 21/6/20162017" (PDF). Météo-France. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone 09S (Enawo) Warning Nr 010". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 001 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Cyclone Fernando)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 003 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "JTWC Tropical Cyclone Warning 001 (Cyclone Fernando)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "JTWC Tropical Cyclone Warning 005 (Cyclone Fernando)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 016 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 020 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 021 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 023 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone Fernando – Warning 024 (RSMC)". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ https://www.webcitation.org/6qvWuFPJr?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201705300624.htm
- ^ "WebCite query result" (PDF). www.webcitation.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee (2016). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
- ^ "ABELA : 2016-07-12 TO 2016-07-20". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "BRANSBY : 2016-10-03 TO 2016-10-07". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "CARLOS : 2017-02-02 TO 2017-02-15". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "DINEO : 2017-02-11 TO 2017-02-17". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "Flash Appeal: Emergency Response Plan for Mozambique – Cyclone Dineo" (PDF). ReliefWeb. UN Country Team in Mozambique. February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ a b "Global Catastrophe Recap March 2017" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ "ENAWO : 2017-03-02 TO 2017-03-11". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "Madagascar: Cyclone Enawo Situation Report No. 3 (17 March 2017)". Relief Web. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ "Madagascar cyclone death toll rises to 78". Channel NewsAsia. Agence France-Presse. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ^ "CARLOS : 2017-02-02 TO 2017-02-15". Météo-France La Réunion. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "2017 Moderate Tropical Storm Fernando (2017065S14079)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Météo-France La Réunion (in French)
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) Archived 2015-08-09 at the Wayback Machine