2019 Panamanian general election
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Presidential election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 73.01% ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results by province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legislative election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 71 seats in the National Assembly 36 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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General elections were held in Panama on 5 May 2019.[3] Due to constitutional term limits, incumbent President Juan Carlos Varela was ineligible for a second consecutive term.[4] Businessman and politician Laurentino Cortizo of the centre-left Democratic Revolutionary Party won the election with around 33% of the vote, narrowly defeating Rómulo Roux of the centre-right Democratic Change, who won 31% of the vote. The PRD also won a majority in the National Assembly.[5] The ruling Panameñista Party of President Juan Carlos Varela suffered its worst result in history.[6] Its candidate, Panama City mayor José Isabel Blandón, received only 11% of the vote and came in fourth behind independent candidate Ricardo Lombana.[5] The party also lost half its seats in the National Assembly.[6]
Background
Incumbent President Juan Carlos Varela was elected in 2014 with 39% of the vote.[7] Polls showed him to be the second most unpopular president in Latin America by 2018, with a 57% disapproval rating.[8]
Corruption became a major issue during the campaign,[9] being the first election held after the Panama Papers leak, which exposed the extent of the country's involvement in tax evasion.[10] Investigations into mass bribery by the Brazilian company Odebrecht also took place during the preceding presidential term,[11] with the presidential administrations of Martín Torrijos, Ricardo Martinelli, and Juan Carlos Varela all being subject to scrutiny.[12] Martinelli was also investigated for wiretapping political opponents,[13] which resulted in his being disqualified in his campaigns for Assembly deputy and Panama City mayor.[14]
Electoral system
The President was elected through plurality vote in one round.
Of the 71 members of the National Assembly, 26 were elected in single-member constituencies and 45 by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Each district with more than 40,000 inhabitants formed a constituency. Constituencies elected one MP for every 30,000 residents and an additional representative for every fraction over 10,000.[15]
In single-member constituencies, MPs were elected using the first-past-the-post system. In multi-member constituencies MPs were elected using party list proportional representation according to a double quotient; the first allocation of seats used a simple quotient, further seats were allotted using the quotient divided by two, with any remaining seats are awarded to the parties with the greatest remainder.[15]
Presidential candidates
The following seven candidates contested the election:[16]
- Laurentino "Nito" Cortizo – Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)
- José Isabel Blandón - Panameñista Party
- Rómulo Roux - Cambio Democrático (CD)
- Saúl Méndez - Broad Front for Democracy (FAD)
- Ana Matilde Gómez - Independent
- Marco Ameglio - Independent
- Ricardo Lombana - Independent
Candidate selection
Democratic Revolutionary Party
Nito Cortizo won the PRD's presidential primary, held on 16 September 2023. He defeated Assembly member Zulay Rodríguez and former President Ernesto Pérez Balladares.[17] The Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement allied itself with the PRD.[18][19] He selected José Gabriel Carrizo as his running mate.[20]
Panameñista Party
Panama City mayor José Blandón won the Panameñista primary, beating former Housing Minister Mario Etchelecu.[21] The People's Party allied itself with the Panameñista Party,[22] maintaining the alliance that had also been seen in the 2014 elections.[23] He selected Nilda Quijano as his running mate.[24]
Democratic Change
Rómulo Roux, a former Canal Minister and Foreign Minister, won the CD presidential primary, defeating José Raúl Mulino,[25] winning 68% to Mulino's 29%.[26] He chose reporter Luis Casis as his running mate.[27]
Alliance Party
The Alliance Party was a new political party led by Assembly member José Muñoz. José Domingo Arias, the losing CD presidential candidate in 2014, won its primary with over 90% of the vote.[28] The party later chose to ally itself with the CD candidacy of Rómulo Roux,[29] with Arias declining his presidential candidacy.[30]
Opinion polls
Pollster | Date | Cortizo (PRD) | Roux (CD) | Lombana (IND) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup Panama[31] | 17–21 March 2019 | 38% | 21% | 4% |
GAD3 | 29–30 April 2019 | 36% | 26% | 20% |
Doxa Panamá | 23–28 April 2019 | 30% | 32% | 15% |
Stratmark | 22–28 April 2019 | 44% | 27% | 10% |
Results
President
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laurentino Cortizo | Joining Forces | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 609,638 | 31.03 | ||
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 45,664 | 2.32 | ||||
Total | 655,302 | 33.35 | ||||
Rómulo Roux | Change to Wake Up | Democratic Change | 564,297 | 28.72 | ||
Alliance Party | 44,706 | 2.28 | ||||
Total | 609,003 | 31.00 | ||||
Ricardo Lombana | Independent | 368,962 | 18.78 | |||
José Blandón | Panama We Can | Panameñista Party | 174,113 | 8.86 | ||
People's Party | 38,818 | 1.98 | ||||
Total | 212,931 | 10.84 | ||||
Ana Matilde Gómez | Independent | 93,631 | 4.77 | |||
Saúl Méndez | Broad Front for Democracy | 13,540 | 0.69 | |||
Marco Ameglio | Independent | 11,408 | 0.58 | |||
Total | 1,964,777 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 1,964,777 | 97.58 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 48,656 | 2.42 | ||||
Total votes | 2,013,433 | 100.00 | ||||
Registered voters/turnout | 2,757,823 | 73.01 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
National Assembly
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---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
Democratic Revolutionary Party | 542,105 | 29.99 | 35 | +9 | |
Democratic Change | 405,798 | 22.45 | 18 | –6 | |
Panameñista Party | 312,635 | 17.30 | 8 | –8 | |
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 92,340 | 5.11 | 5 | +3 | |
People's Party | 65,028 | 3.60 | 0 | –1 | |
Alliance Party | 43,670 | 2.42 | 0 | –1 | |
Broad Front for Democracy | 22,711 | 1.26 | 0 | 0 | |
Independents | 323,153 | 17.88 | 5 | +4 | |
Total | 1,807,440 | 100.00 | 71 | 0 | |
Valid votes | 1,807,440 | 92.68 | |||
Invalid/blank votes | 142,663 | 7.32 | |||
Total votes | 1,950,103 | 100.00 | |||
Source: Tribunal Electoral |
Elected members
Constituency | Member | Party | |
---|---|---|---|
Circuit 1-1 | Benicio Robinson | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Abel Beker | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Circuit 2-1 | Néstor Guardia | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Daniel Ramos | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Circuit 2-2 | Melchor Herrera | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 2-3 | Luis Ernesto Carles | Panameñista Party | |
Circuit 2-4 | Jorge Herrera | Panameñista Party[a] | |
Circuit 3-1 | Jairo Salazar | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Mariano López | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Leopoldo Benedetti | Democratic Change | ||
Pedro Torres | Panameñista Party | ||
Circuit 3-2 | Nelson Jackson | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 4-1 | Fernando Arce | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Miguel Fanovich | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | ||
Hugo Méndez | Panameñista Party | ||
Circuit 4-2 | Everardo Concepción | Panameñista Party | |
Circuit 4-3 | Juan Esquivel | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Rony Araúz | Democratic Change | ||
Circuit 4-4 | Gonzalo González | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 4-5 | Manolo Ruiz | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | |
Circuit 4-6 | Ana Giselle Rosas | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 5-1 | Arnulfo Díaz | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 5-2 | Jaime Vargas | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 6-1 | Alejandro Castillero | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 6-2 | Julio Mendoza | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 6-3 | Marcos Castillero | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 7-1 | Eric Broce | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 7-2 | Olivares Frías | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 8-1 | Kayra Harding | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Marylín Vallarino | Democratic Change | ||
Yesenia Rodríguez | Panameñista Party | ||
Circuit 8-2 | Yanibel Ábrego | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 8-3 | José Herrera | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 8-4 | Roberto Ábrego | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Roberto Ayala | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Lilia Batista | Democratic Change | ||
Circuit 8-5 | Hernán Delgado | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 8-6 | Raúl Pineda | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Leandro Ávila | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Zulay Rodríguez | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Pancho Alemán | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | ||
Dalia Bernal | Democratic Change | ||
Itzi Atencio | Panameñista Party | ||
Juan Diego Vásquez | Independent | ||
Circuit 8-7 | Crispiano Adames | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Héctor Brands | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Corina Cano | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | ||
Sergio "Chello" Gálvez | Democratic Change | ||
Gabriel Silva | Independent | ||
Circuit 8-8 | Javier Sucre | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Victor Castillo | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Mayín Correa | Democratic Change | ||
Edison Broce | Independent | ||
Raúl Fernández | Independent | ||
Circuit 8-9 | Alina González | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Tito Rodríguez | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | ||
Genésis Arjona | Democratic Change | ||
Circuit 8-10 | Edwin Zúñiga | Democratic Change | |
Alaín Cedeño | Democratic Change | ||
Cenobia Vargas | Democratic Revolutionary Party | ||
Elías Vigil | Panameñista Party | ||
Circuit 9-1 | Luis Rafael Cruz | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Fátima Agrazal | Democratic Change | ||
Circuit 9-2 | Ariel Alba | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 9-3 | Eugenio Bernal | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 9-4 | Ricardo Torres | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 10-1 | Petita Ayarza | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 10-2 | Arquesio Arias | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Circuit 12-1 | Leopoldo Archibold | Democratic Change | |
Circuit 12-2 | Adan Bejerano | Independent | |
Circuit 12-3 | Ricardo Santo | Democratic Revolutionary Party | |
Source: Tribunal Electoral[33][34] |
Mayoral elections
Panama City
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
José Luis Fábrega | Joining Forces | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 156,095 | 37.87 | ||
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 19,260 | 4.67 | ||||
Total | 175,355 | 42.55 | ||||
Sergio Gálvez | Change to Wake Up | Democratic Change | 117,476 | 28.50 | ||
Alliance Party | 11,343 | 2.75 | ||||
Total | 128,819 | 31.25 | ||||
Raúl Ricardo Rodriguez | Independent | 56,638 | 13.74 | |||
Adolfo Valderrama | Panama We Can | Panameñista Party | 32,962 | 8.00 | ||
People's Party | 10,302 | 2.50 | ||||
Total | 43,264 | 10.50 | ||||
Diogenes Sanchez | Broad Front for Democracy | 8,081 | 1.96 | |||
Total | 412,157 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 412,157 | 94.37 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 24,595 | 5.63 | ||||
Total votes | 436,752 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
San Miguelito
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hector Carrasquilla | Change to Wake Up | Democratic Change | 51,664 | 33.56 | ||
Alliance Party | 5,872 | 3.81 | ||||
Total | 57,536 | 37.38 | ||||
Cesar Sanjur | Joining Forces | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 36,693 | 23.84 | ||
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 5,456 | 3.54 | ||||
Total | 42,149 | 27.38 | ||||
Gerald Cumberbatch | Panama We Can | Independent | 12,875 | 8.36 | ||
Panameñista Party | 9,275 | 6.03 | ||||
Total | 22,150 | 14.39 | ||||
Jacqueline Hurtado | People's Party | 17,810 | 11.57 | |||
Irving Dominguez | Independent | 11,123 | 7.23 | |||
Gilberto Marulanda | Broad Front for Democracy | 3,163 | 2.05 | |||
Total | 153,931 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 153,931 | 93.58 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 10,558 | 6.42 | ||||
Total votes | 164,489 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
Arraiján
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rollyns Rodriguez | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 31,977 | 28.00 | |
Belkis Saavedra | Democratic Change | 26,934 | 23.59 | |
Militza Palma | People's Party | 21,969 | 19.24 | |
Percival Piggott | Panameñista Party | 13,956 | 12.22 | |
Maruquel Luque | Independent | 7,277 | 6.37 | |
Victor Godoy | Independent | 4,859 | 4.26 | |
Ivan Berrio | Independent | 3,412 | 2.99 | |
Luis Pimentel | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 1,794 | 1.57 | |
Denis Amaya | Broad Front for Democracy | 1,526 | 1.34 | |
Norma Estrada | Alliance Party | 489 | 0.43 | |
Total | 114,193 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 114,193 | 94.52 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 6,620 | 5.48 | ||
Total votes | 120,813 | 100.00 | ||
Source: Election Tribunal |
Colón
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alex Lee | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 21,826 | 22.43 | |||
Diogenes Galvan | Independent | 20,027 | 20.58 | |||
Federico Policani | Panama We Can | Panameñista Party | 14,519 | 14.92 | ||
People's Party | 4,388 | 4.51 | ||||
Total | 18,907 | 19.43 | ||||
Carlos Outten | Democratic Change | 15,794 | 16.23 | |||
Enrique Brooks Galvan | Independent | 6,645 | 6.83 | |||
Felipe Cabeza | Broad Front for Democracy | 5,759 | 5.92 | |||
Cristobal Gondola | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 5,460 | 5.61 | |||
Josefina Smith | Alliance Party | 2,893 | 2.97 | |||
Total | 97,311 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 97,311 | 93.25 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 7,048 | 6.75 | ||||
Total votes | 104,359 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
La Chorrera
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomás Velasquez | Joining Forces | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 31,259 | 33.68 | ||
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 3,868 | 4.17 | ||||
Total | 35,127 | 37.85 | ||||
Chuin Fa Chong | Alliance Party | 24,696 | 26.61 | |||
Mario Muñoz | Democratic Change | 12,962 | 13.97 | |||
Alberto Barranco | Panama We Can | Panameñista Party | 6,746 | 7.27 | ||
People's Party | 2,699 | 2.91 | ||||
Total | 9,445 | 10.18 | ||||
Dario Gomez | Independent | 9,014 | 9.71 | |||
Armando Barrios | Broad Front for Democracy | 1,573 | 1.69 | |||
Total | 92,817 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 92,817 | 92.79 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 7,211 | 7.21 | ||||
Total votes | 100,028 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
David
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antonio Arauz | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 28,132 | 36.55 | |||
Joaquín De León | Panameñista Party | 19,428 | 25.24 | |||
Karen Caballero | Independent | Democratic Change | 8,211 | 10.67 | ||
Independent | 4,060 | 5.27 | ||||
Total | 12,271 | 15.94 | ||||
Nicolás Rivera | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 6,545 | 8.50 | |||
Agustín Saldaña | Independent | Independent | 3,016 | 3.92 | ||
People's Party | 2,505 | 3.25 | ||||
Total | 5,521 | 7.17 | ||||
Amael Acosta | Independent | 3,460 | 4.50 | |||
Néstor Camargo | Alliance Party | 945 | 1.23 | |||
Tomas Armuelles | Broad Front for Democracy | 666 | 0.87 | |||
Total | 76,968 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 76,968 | 93.09 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 5,715 | 6.91 | ||||
Total votes | 82,683 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
Santiago
Candidate | Party or alliance | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samid Sandoval | Change to Wake Up | Democratic Change | 19,102 | 35.26 | ||
Alliance Party | 1,093 | 2.02 | ||||
Total | 20,195 | 37.28 | ||||
Edward Ibarra | Democratic Revolutionary Party | 18,809 | 34.72 | |||
Victor Rodriguez | Panameñista Party | 7,245 | 13.37 | |||
Isaac Rodriguez | Independent | 4,233 | 7.81 | |||
Horacio Freeman | Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement | 1,777 | 3.28 | |||
Edilso Vega | Independent | 1,220 | 2.25 | |||
Santiago Murillo | Independent | 460 | 0.85 | |||
Edgardo Abrego | Broad Front for Democracy | 237 | 0.44 | |||
Total | 54,176 | 100.00 | ||||
Valid votes | 54,176 | 93.81 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 3,575 | 6.19 | ||||
Total votes | 57,751 | 100.00 | ||||
Source: Election Tribunal |
Notes
- ^ Herrera was elected but his term was served by his alternate.[32]
References
- ^ "REPUBLIC OF PANAMA - LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 5 MAY 2014". Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Panama Parliament 2019". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ Panama IFES
- ^ "Decree of the electoral court for the holding of elections" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-15. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ^ a b "Elecciones 2019: ¿quiénes ganaron?, ¿quiénes perdieron?". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ a b "La debacle del Partido Panameñista". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "Panamá elige a Juan Carlos Varela, el peor enemigo del presidente Martinelli". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "Varela tuvo menos 33 de aprobación en enero". Panamá América (in Spanish). 2018-02-10. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ Mat Youkee (May 1, 2019). "Elections 2019: Five Things to Know About Panama's May 5 Vote". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ Journalists, The International Consortium of Investigative. "Giant Leak of Offshore Financial Records Exposes Global Array of Crime and Corruption - The Panama Papers". OCCRP. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ marpichel (2017-06-01). "Caso Odebrecht en Panamá: 36 procesados y 56 millones aprehendidos". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "El expresidente panameño Martín Torrijos fue investigado por el caso Odebrecht". France 24. 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ Noticias, Redacción de TVN (2015-10-29). "Tras 20 días de acusación contra Martinelli por "pinchazos" Mejía aún no actúa". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "Panamá: Tribunal anula candidaturas del expresidente Ricardo Martinelli". France 24. 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ a b Electoral system IPU
- ^ "Quiénes son y qué proponen los 4 principales candidatos que se disputan la presidencia de Panamá". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Laurentino Cortizo gana las primarias presidenciales del PRD". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "PRD y Molirena inscriben su alianza ante el Tribunal Electoral". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ [email protected] | @PanamaAmerica, Redacci\u00f3n | (2018-12-23). "PRD celebra directorio nacional extraordinario". Panamá América (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "¿Quién es José Gabriel Carrizo Jaén, compañero de fórmula de Cortizo?". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "José Blandón gana candidatura presidencial del Partido Panameñista". www.telemetro.com (in Spanish). 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Partido Popular oficializa apoyo a Blandón para 2019". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "El Directorio del PP aprobó la alianza con el Partido Panameñista". www.telemetro.com (in Spanish). 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Nilda Quijano acompañará a Blandón en la vicepresidencia". www.laestrella.com.pa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Rómulo Roux gana candidatura presidencial de Cambio Democrático". www.telemetro.com (in Spanish). 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ Noticias, Redacción de TVN (2018-08-12). "Rómulo Roux se convierte en el candidato presidencial de Cambio Democrático". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Luis Casis, compañero de fórmula del candidato presidencial Rómulo Roux". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "José Domingo Arias gana las primarias presidenciales del Partido Alianza". www.laestrella.com.pa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Directorio del CD aprueba acuerdo con el partido Alianza". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ Noticias, Redacción de TVN (2018-12-26). "'Mimito' Arias renuncia a la candidatura presidencial por el partido Alianza". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Poll Tracker: Panama's 2019 Presidential Election".
- ^ Espinoza, Tereza (2024-05-06). "Medio cociente y residuo los salvan: Pineda, 'Bolota' Salazar, Robinson y Gálvez se mantienen en la Asamblea". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "DIPUTADOS GANADORES 2019" (PDF). Tribunal Electoral. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "Plan General de Elecciones (PLAGEL 2022-2024)". Tribunal Electoral. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
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