684 Hakuhō earthquake
![684 Hakuhō earthquake is located in Japan](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/250px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png)
![684 Hakuhō earthquake](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/40px-Bullseye1.png)
32°48′N 134°18′E / 32.8°N 134.3°E / 32.8; 134.3[1] The 684 Hakuho earthquake took place in Japan in 684, and is described in the history book Nihon Shoki from the 8th century.[2] The earthquake took place on 26 November 684 (Julian calendar), in 13th year of the reign of Emperor Tenmu (Tenmu period). It caused the under-sea inundation of approximately 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) of rice fields.[3]
Tectonic setting
A number of great interplate earthquakes have occurred along the Suruga Trough and Nankai Trough, off the southwestern coasts of Japan. These earthquakes are associated with the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. These recurring earthquakes take place at intervals of one or two centuries. These earthquakes take place in pairs, with an example of Tōkai earthquakes taking place in eastern Japan, and an example of Nankai earthquakes taking place in western Japan. The Hakuho earthquake is the oldest recorded Nankai earthquake.[2]
Earthquake
The earthquake was associated with strong ground motion, and damaged a broad area. It affected the capital city of Asuka, and caused a tsunami. There was subsidence in the plain of the Kōchi Prefecture.[2] The welling of water was disrupted in the hot springs of the island of Shikoku, and the springs of the Kii Peninsula in the island of Honshu.[2]
In this earthquake, the sea reportedly "swallowed up" 500,000 shiro of cultivated land in Tosa Province. The Japanese unit shiro is equivalent to 15.13 acres.[4] The governor of this province reported the sinking of many ships by a "high-rising great tide" which accompanied the earthquake. He was describing a tsunami, using the then-used term "oshio".[4]
Regarding the flooding, the Nihon Shoki reports that the local people had never experienced a disaster of this type.[3]
A corresponding Tōkai earthquake may have occurred in 684, but is not clearly recorded in primary sources. The next known Nankai earthquake took place in 887.[2]
References
Notes
- ^ "南海地震の県内被害記録". www.data.jma.go.jp. 徳島地方気象台. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
- ^ a b c d e Ishibashi 2004, pp. 359–361
- ^ a b Towhata 2008, p. 332
- ^ a b Parker 2012, Chapter 7
Sources
- Ishibashi, Katsuhiko (2004), Status of historical seismology in Japan (PDF), Annals of Geophysics
- Parker, Bruce (2012), "Chapter 7: The Sea's Response to an Unpredictable Earth-Trying to Predict Tsunamis", The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0230112247
- Towhata, Ikuo (2008), "Chapter 16: Seismic Faults", Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 978-3540357834
- v
- t
- e
- 679 Tsukushi
- 684 Hakuho
- 869 Jōgan
- 1293 Kamakura
- 1361 Shōhei
- 1498 Meiō
- 1586 Tenshō
- 1596 Fushimi
- 1605 Keichō
- 1611 Aizu
- 1611 Sanriku
- 1662 Kanbun
- 1662 Hyūga-nada
- 1677 Bōsō
- 1703 Genroku
- 1707 Hōei
- 1741 Kampo
- 1751 Takada
- 1771 Great Yaeyama
- 1792 Unzen
- 1804 Kisakata
- 1828 Sanjō
- 1833 Shōnai
- 1847 Zenkoji
- 1854 Iga–Ueno
- 1854 Nankai
- 1854 Tōkai
- 1855 Edo
- 1858 Hietsu
- 1872 Hamada
- 1889 Kumamoto
- 1891 Mino–Owari
- 1894 Tokyo
- 1894 Shōnai
- 1896 Sanriku
- 1896 Rikuu
- 1909 Anegawa
- 1911 Kikai Island
- 1914 Senboku
- 1922 Shimabara
- 1923 Great Kantō
- 1925 North Tajima
- 1927 North Tango
- 1930 North Izu
- 1933 Sanriku
- 1936 Miyagi
- 1939 Oga
- 1940 Shakotan
- 1941 Hyūga-nada
- 1943 Tottori
- 1944 Tōnankai
- 1945 Mikawa
- 1946 Nankai
- 1948 Fukui
- 1952 Tokachi
- 1961 North Mino
- 1963 Kuril Islands
- 1964 Niigata
- 1968 Ebino
- 1968 Hyūga-nada
- 1968 Tokachi
- 1973 Nemuro Peninsula
- 1974 Izu Peninsula
- 1978 Izu Ōshima
- 1978 Miyagi
- 1982 Urakawa
- 1983 Sea of Japan
- 1984 Nagano
- 1993 Kushiro
- 1993 Okushiri
- 1994 offshore Sanriku
- 1995 Hanshin
- 2000 Izu Islands
- 2000 Tottori
- 2001 Geiyo
- 2003 Miyagi
- 2003 Tokachi
- 2004 Chūetsu
- 2005 Fukuoka
- 2005 Miyagi
- 2006 Kuril Islands
- 2007 Chūetsu
- 2007 Kuril Islands
- 2007 Noto
- 2008 Iwate–Miyagi
- 2008 Iwate
- 2009 Shizuoka
- 2011 Tōhoku
- 2011 Nagano
- 2011 Shizuoka
- 2011 Miyagi
- 2011 Fukushima
- 2012 Chiba
- 2012 Sanriku
- 2014 Nagano
- 2015 Ogasawara
- 2016 Kumamoto
- 2016 Tottori
- 2016 Fukushima
- 2018 Osaka
- 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi
- 2019 Yamagata
- 2021 Fukushima
- 2021 Miyagi
- 2021 Chiba
- 2022 Fukushima
- 2023 Noto
- 2024 Noto
- 2024 Hyūga-nada
![]() ![]() | This Japanese history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- v
- t
- e