Any number that is not an integer but is very close to one
Ed Pegg Jr. noted that the length d equals , which is very close to 7 (7.0000000857 ca.)[1]
In recreational mathematics, an almost integer (or near-integer) is any number that is not an integer but is very close to one. Almost integers may be considered interesting when they arise in some context in which they are unexpected.
Almost integers relating to the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers
Some examples of almost integers are high powers of the golden ratio , for example:
The fact that these powers approach integers is non-coincidental, because the golden ratio is a Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number.
The ratios of Fibonacci or Lucas numbers can also make almost integers, for instance:
The above examples can be generalized by the following sequences, which generate near-integers approaching Lucas numbers with increasing precision:
As n increases, the number of consecutive nines or zeros beginning at the tenths place of a(n) approaches infinity.
Almost integers relating to e and π
Other occurrences of non-coincidental near-integers involve the three largest Heegner numbers:
where the non-coincidence can be better appreciated when expressed in the common simple form:[2]
where
and the reason for the squares is due to certain Eisenstein series. The constant is sometimes referred to as Ramanujan's constant.
Almost integers that involve the mathematical constants π and e have often puzzled mathematicians. An example is: The explanation for this seemingly remarkable coincidence was given by A. Doman in September 2023, and is a result of a sum related to Jacobi theta functions as follows: The first term dominates since the sum of the terms for total The sum can therefore be truncated to where solving for gives Rewriting the approximation for and using the approximation for gives Thus, rearranging terms gives Ironically, the crude approximation for yields an additional order of magnitude of precision. [1]
Another example involving these constants is:
Additional examples include, found by number theory enthusiast Chandra Kesarapu in July 2024.