Bochner–Riesz mean
The Bochner–Riesz mean is a summability method often used in harmonic analysis when considering convergence of Fourier series and Fourier integrals. It was introduced by Salomon Bochner as a modification of the Riesz mean.
Definition
Define
Let be a periodic function, thought of as being on the n-torus, , and having Fourier coefficients for . Then the Bochner–Riesz means of complex order , of (where and ) are defined as
Analogously, for a function on with Fourier transform , the Bochner–Riesz means of complex order , (where and ) are defined as
Application to convolution operators
For and , and may be written as convolution operators, where the convolution kernel is an approximate identity. As such, in these cases, considering the almost everywhere convergence of Bochner–Riesz means for functions in spaces is much simpler than the problem of "regular" almost everywhere convergence of Fourier series/integrals (corresponding to ).
In higher dimensions, the convolution kernels become "worse behaved": specifically, for
the kernel is no longer integrable. Here, establishing almost everywhere convergence becomes correspondingly more difficult.
Bochner–Riesz conjecture
Another question is that of for which and which the Bochner–Riesz means of an function converge in norm. This issue is of fundamental importance for , since regular spherical norm convergence (again corresponding to ) fails in when . This was shown in a paper of 1971 by Charles Fefferman.[1]
By a transference result, the and problems are equivalent to one another, and as such, by an argument using the uniform boundedness principle, for any particular , norm convergence follows in both cases for exactly those where is the symbol of an bounded Fourier multiplier operator.
For , that question has been completely resolved, but for , it has only been partially answered. The case of is not interesting here as convergence follows for in the most difficult case as a consequence of the boundedness of the Hilbert transform and an argument of Marcel Riesz.
Define , the "critical index", as
- .
Then the Bochner–Riesz conjecture states that
is the necessary and sufficient condition for a bounded Fourier multiplier operator. It is known that the condition is necessary.[2]
References
Further reading
- Lu, Shanzhen (2013). Bochner-Riesz Means on Euclidean Spaces (First ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4458-76-4.
- Grafakos, Loukas (2008). Classical Fourier Analysis (Second ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-09431-1.
- Grafakos, Loukas (2009). Modern Fourier Analysis (Second ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-09433-5.
- Stein, Elias M. & Murphy, Timothy S. (1993). Harmonic Analysis: Real-variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03216-5.