Chaos A.D.
Chaos A.D. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | ||||
Studio album by Sepultura | ||||
Released | September 1993[1] | |||
Recorded | 1992–1993 | |||
Studio | Rockfield Studios (Monmouth, Wales) Chepstow Castle (Monmouth, Wales) | |||
Genre | Groove metal | |||
Length | 47:04 | |||
Label |
| |||
Producer | Andy Wallace | |||
Sepultura chronology | ||||
| ||||
Singles from Chaos A.D. | ||||
| ||||
Chaos A.D. is the fifth studio album by Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura, released in 1993 by Roadrunner Records. The album saw a stylistic departure from the band's earlier thrash metal style, by featuring a new groove metal sound. Chaos A.D. is also Sepultura's only album on Epic Records, who handled its release for North American distribution, as well as the first album to feature Paulo Jr. on bass after having played with the band in a live capacity since 1984.[a]
Production
The band considered a number of producers, including avant-garde jazz composer John Zorn and Al Jourgensen of industrial metal pioneers Ministry. They ultimately chose Andy Wallace, who had previously mixed Arise. Sepultura wanted isolation, and for that Andy Wallace suggested Rockfield Studios, located in South Wales.[6] The recording sessions marked the first time Sepultura had recorded as a quartet as opposed to a trio, which saw Andreas Kisser handling both bass and guitar duties on their previous three albums; as such, Chaos A.D. was the first album to include Paulo Jr., who had been playing live with the band since joining in 1984.[a]
"Kaiowas" was recorded live among the ruins of the medieval castle of Chepstow. It was an entirely acoustic track, with Kisser and Max Cavalera on the guitars and drummer Igor Cavalera and Paulo Jr. on percussion. When they recorded "Kaiowas", the quartet never even considered playing the track live, because they thought it would be too difficult to recreate the drumming on stage. They changed their minds after seeing a video of the American band Neurosis: "We saw in that live video that the Neurosis guys put down their guitars and everybody started to play the drums on stage", lead guitarist Andreas remembers. "We decided to try the same thing. We rehearsed it once and it was wonderful. We haven't stopped playing the song live since."[7]
During recording sessions, Sepultura recorded a number of covers: "The Hunt", from New Model Army, "Polícia", from Titãs, "Inhuman Nature", from the American hardcore punk band Final Conflict, and "Crucificados pelo Sistema", from Brazilian Ratos de Porão. Igor, a New Model Army fan, convinced the other band members to include "The Hunt" on the record. Paulo joked that the money of the LP would go straight to new dentures for Justin Sullivan, the toothless singer of New Model Army.[8] The latter 3 covers would be included as B-sides and also on the compilation Blood-Rooted. "Polícia" is also included as a bonus track on the Brazilian edition of the album. Up until the time the album was due, the title was originally Propaganda after track 6, but Max Cavalera changed it to Chaos A.D. after the Misfits' Earth A.D.[9]
Musical style
Out of the boredom of playing the Arise songs for two years straight and concerned about the threat of musically stagnating, Sepultura pushed the envelope on Chaos A.D.[10] The new material came out slower, with more emphasis on groove than speed.[11][12][13] The first track, "Refuse/Resist", revealed the band's new direction.[14] The song starts with the heartbeat of Max's then-unborn first son, Zyon,[15] followed by some Afro-Brazilian drumming reminiscent of Salvador, Bahia samba-reggae group Olodum.[8] About the track's introductory guitar riff, Max acknowledged that it "could have been created by a death metal band."[16]
Diversity was the key to Chaos A.D., revealed Max Cavalera. "Biotech Is Godzilla" was "pure hardcore", according to the elder Cavalera.[16] "Nomad", with its characteristically slow riffs, was described by lead guitarist Andreas Kisser as their answer to Metallica's "Sad but True".[7] The album also featured Sepultura's first all-acoustic incursion, "Kaiowas". "It's like a mixture of Led Zeppelin, Sonic Youth and Olodum", said Max of that particular song.[14]
Chaos A.D. was their first record to utilize some lower guitar tunings. Half of the songs in the album are tuned down to D standard, except for "Kaiowas", which is in drop C♯ tuning.[17] Max Cavalera said he "had to fight Andreas over" retuning the guitars to D, partly because all of Sepultura's songs, until then, were written in standard tuning. He argued that Black Sabbath also played in D, and they could do the same.[18]
Themes
After travelling extensively abroad for their Arise tour, the band came to see their home-country in a new light. Brazil's political issues and music then came to the fore. Sepultura targeted and denounced racism, discrimination, xenophobia and neocolonialism, and how they fueled destructive policies and power-hungry politicians. Writing for VICE, author J.J. Anselmi declared that the "social messages of Chaos A.D. are timeless and universal, making it one of the most important metal albums ever recorded."[19]
The lyrics of "Refuse/Resist" mention "tanks on the streets, confronting police, bleeding the plebs."[15] Its chorus ("Refuse! Resist!") resembles a protest march slogan,[20] and when released as a single featured a photograph of a South Korean student rushing at Seoul's riot police contingent while holding a Molotov cocktail.[21] Speaking to Kerrang!, Max Cavalera remembered: "This certainly got in touch with the dark side of Sepultura. "Refuse/Resist" is an anti-police song – a real piece of anarchy. You could call the album riot music. It was full of heavy shit and some of it was risky, but it was just where we were coming from at the time."[22] The next song, "Territory", dealt with the conflict between the Palestinian and Israeli peoples.[20] "Slave New World" — with its lyrics co-written by Biohazard bassist Evan Seinfeld[7] — was a protest against censorship.[23]
Massacres were a major part of Chaos A.D.'s overall theme. "Amen" tackled the massacre of David Koresh's followers in Waco, Texas. "Manifest" had a faux-radio report of the Carandiru massacre,[7] and "Kaiowas" was made in honor of a Brazilian Indian tribe that committed collective suicide in protest against the government that wanted to drive them off the land of their ancestors.[24] "Nomad", written by Andreas, talked about people expelled from their homelands.[7]
On Chaos A.D., Sepultura honored one of their biggest idols, Jello Biafra. Max had called Biafra asking him to contribute to the album with a song about the growing neo-Nazi movement. "I asked for something like 'Nazi Punks Fuck Off - Part 2'", remembers Max, referring to the anti-Nazi song "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" by the Dead Kennedys. But Biafra wasn't interested in recycling old ideas and he suggested a song called "Biotech Is Godzilla", that he had written during his visit to Eco '92, a world conference about ecology organized in Rio de Janeiro. "Jello spent ten minutes explaining me his crazy theories", said Max to Anamaria G. of Bizz magazine, "he said that George Bush had sent a group of scientists to Brazil to test germs and bacteria on human beings and use them as guinea pigs. The lyrics claim that biotechnology created AIDS. But they don't say that technology is bad, just that it's in the wrong hands."[25]
Touring and promotion
By the time Chaos A.D. arrived, Sepultura were the biggest act of Roadrunner's roster. Aware of the band's increasing popularity, the label spent nearly $1 million on a "marketing blitz" which quickly guaranteed them silver and gold records in Belgium, France and the UK.[26] The group also signed an exclusive distribution deal with a major label, Epic Records, home of Pearl Jam and Rage Against the Machine.[27] This deal eventually went sour: Epic paid little attention to Sepultura,[28] preferring to invest in Fight and Prong.[27]
The Chaos A.D. tour launched on October 23, 1993, with goth metal band Paradise Lost as the opening act. The tour went well, except for an incident where Berlin's police received a false tip claiming that Sepultura's tour bus was loaded with a major cocaine shipment.[26] Enraged by the unjust search and seizure procedure, Max re-wrote "Antichrist", from their 1985 Bestial Devastation EP, as "Anti-Cop",[29] and then the band proceeded in playing the song live throughout the tour (a recorded version is available on the combined re-release of Bestial Devastation/Morbid Visions and The Roots of Sepultura albums).[30]
While touring Europe, rumors floated around that Sepultura would be part of the latest edition of Brazil's Hollywood Rock music festival, taking place in January 1994.[29] The event would happen simultaneously on São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro. Chaos A.D. has sold more than 2 million copies worldwide.
The North American leg, which was co-headlined by Pantera, coincided with the 1994 FIFA World Cup, with the concert in Irvine, California, taking place on July 17, a few hours after the tournament final, in nearby Pasadena. Sepultura, whose members attended the match, took to the stage decorated in the Brazilian colors in celebration of the national team's triumph in the tournament.[31]
Impact on Brazil's scene
Sepultura's newfound interest in the music and socials ills of Brazil inspired - or ran parallel to - their fellow countrymen's own MPB/metal experiments. One particular case was Overdose, Sepultura's former Cogumelo labelmates. Overdose's 5th album, Progress of Decadence (1993), opened with "Rio, Samba e Porrada na Morro", an industrial-meets-samba intro five years in the making. The rest of the album segues into their own brand of groove metal.[32] Furthermore, Overdose inserted political themes in their lyrics, although they had being doing such way before Sepultura.[33]
A worthy mention also goes to "saravá metal" group Gangrena Gasosa. Their Welcome to Terreiro (1993) debut opened with "Troops of Olodum", a spoof on Sepultura's "Troops of Doom" complete with the song's intro riff and Olodum-styled percussion.[34]
Last, but not least, there's Holy Land (1996), a concept album by Brazil's premier power metal band Angra.[35] Lead guitar player Kiko Loureiro said that, when composing for their sophomore album, the MPB influence "came naturally".[36] Despite this statement there was, indeed, a concerted effort by the group to explore their Brazilian musical identity. It was partly a response to the criticism directed towards Angels Cry (1994), which drew many comparisons to Helloween, Iron Maiden and others.[35] Holy Land and Sepultura's Roots were released a month apart from each other, and they both highlighted a major moment for Brazil's metal scene.[37]
Although it became a popular trend in the 1990s, the mixing of metal and percussion remains a controversial topic in the Brazilian scene to this day. One example is the "tribal" thrash metal of Krucipha, which takes inspiration from Pernambuco's maracatu through the states' manguebeat movement. The band's music still divides opinions, enraging metal purists.[38]
Critical reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
AllMusic | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 10/10[40] |
Entertainment Weekly | B+[41] |
NME | 6/10[41] |
Q | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Rolling Stone | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Chaos A.D. received positive reviews from music critics, with many commending the album's experimentation and sense of the band coming into their own. AllMusic declared it one of the best heavy metal albums of all time, calling it "a remarkable achievement not only in its concentrated power and originality, but also in the degree to which Sepultura eclipsed their idols in offering a vision of heavy metal's future."[39] Entertainment Weekly proclaimed that "Sepultura will separate casual headbangers from rabid addicts fast... even nonmetalheads will be impressed by the variety in [Chaos A.D.]: they're not averse to slowing things down."[41]
Legacy
Chaos A.D. was a watershed moment for the band. The quartet faced many challenges with the record. For one, they made a risqué transition from their earlier death/thrash sound. Sepultura also traversed the radical shift in the rock music scene of the 1990s, with the sudden popularity of alternative rock. "We made a record that was very metal", said Max Cavalera; there "was an explosion of grunge and nobody wanted anything to do with metal." Despite everything, Chaos A.D. was ultimately a triumph. "It was a magical and very inspiring time" remembers the elder Cavalera.[43]
Sound of the Beast author Ian Christe credits Chaos A.D, along with Pantera, for developing the groove metal style, which would later influence other artists in the '90s.[44] It is one of Joe Duplantier's top-ten albums, guitarist-songwriter for Gojira. In his opinion, Chaos A.D. "gave birth to the whole nu-metal scene."[45] In fact, Korn were very inspired by the album when they started out.[46] At least two members from Slipknot attested how Chaos A.D. was important to them.[47][48]
Chaos A.D. was ranked 29th on Rolling Stone's and 63th on NME's 100 greatest metal albums lists.[49][50] "Refuse/Resist", the album's first single, charted at number 26 in VH1's "40 Greatest Metal Songs" list.[51] In Rolling Stone Brasil's list of the 100 greatest MPB records, Chaos A.D. held the 46th position. According to the magazine, the album was a "point of inflection" for the band and the heavy metal scene in general. It paved the way to "another essential record" - Roots[52] - ranked #57 in the same list.[53]
Track listing
All music is composed by Sepultura, except where noted
No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
---|---|---|---|
1. | "Refuse/Resist" | Max Cavalera | 3:20 |
2. | "Territory" | Andreas Kisser | 4:47 |
3. | "Slave New World" |
| 2:55 |
4. | "Amen" | Max Cavalera | 4:27 |
5. | "Kaiowas" | (instrumental) | 3:43 |
6. | "Propaganda" | Max Cavalera | 3:33 |
7. | "Biotech Is Godzilla" | Jello Biafra | 1:52 |
8. | "Nomad" | Andreas Kisser | 4:59 |
9. | "We Who Are Not as Others" | Max Cavalera | 3:42 |
10. | "Manifest" | Max Cavalera | 4:49 |
11. | "The Hunt" (New Model Army cover) | 3:59 | |
12. | "Clenched Fist" | Max Cavalera | 4:58 |
Total length: | 47:04 |
No. | Title | Length |
---|---|---|
13. | "Polícia" (Titãs cover) | 1:47 |
No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
---|---|---|---|
13. | "Chaos B.C. (from the 1996 album Mortal Kombat: More Kombat)" |
| 5:12 |
14. | "Kaiowas (Tribal Jam)" | (instrumental) | 3:47 |
15. | "Territory (live)" | Max Cavalera | 4:48 |
16. | "Amen/Inner Self (live)" |
| 8:42 |
Notes
- The original release contained a hidden track (laughter outtakes from "We Who Are Not as Others") after "Clenched Fist".
- "Territory" and "Amen/Inner Self" were recorded live in Minneapolis in March 1994.
Personnel
- Max Cavalera – vocals, rhythm guitar, 4-string guitar, nylon string guitar
- Igor Cavalera – drums, percussion
- Paulo Jr. – bass, floor tom
- Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, 12-strings viola, steel-string acoustic guitar
- Silvio Bibika – studio roadie
- Simon Dawson – assistant engineer
- Alex Newport – guitar sound, feedback advisor[citation needed]
- Dave Somers – assistant engineer
- Andy Wallace – producer, mixing
- George Marino – mastering
- Steve Remote - recording engineer
- Michael Whelan – cover artwork ("Cacophony")
- Gary Monroe – photography
- Recorded at Rockfield Studios, South Wales (though the liner notes incorrectly state "South Wales, England")
- "Kaiowas" recorded at Chepstow Castle, Wales
- Mixed at The Wool Hall Recording Studios, Bath, England[54]
Charts
Chart (1993-1994) | Peak position |
---|---|
Australian Albums (ARIA)[55] | 27 |
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[56] | 19 |
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[57] | 21 |
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)[58] | 4 |
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[59] | 11 |
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[60] | 23 |
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[61] | 15 |
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[62] | 16 |
Scottish Albums (OCC)[63] | 84 |
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[64] | 11 |
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[65] | 15 |
UK Albums (OCC)[66] | 11 |
US Billboard 200[67] | 32 |
Chart (1996) | Peak position |
---|---|
UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC)[68] | 21 |
Certifications
Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Australia (ARIA)[69] | Gold | 35,000^ |
Indonesia[70] | Gold | 25,000[70] |
Netherlands (NVPI)[71] | Gold | 50,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[72] | Gold | 100,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[73] | Gold | 500,000^ |
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |
Notes
- ^ a b Despite being credited as bassist on the band's first four albums, the members of Sepultura have stated in interviews that Paulo Jr. had not played on any albums prior to Chaos A.D.[2][3][4][5]
References
- ^ Korolenko, Jason (2014). Relentless: Thirty Years of Sepultura. Rocket 88. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-906615-92-5.
- ^ "MAX CAVALERA Says PAULO JR. Didn't Play Bass On Any Early SEPULTURA Recordings". Blabbermouth.net. December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
- ^ "MAX CAVALERA Talks About Getting 'Kicked Out' Of SEPULTURA, Hanging Out With OZZY OSBOURNE". Blabbermouth.net. April 16, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
- ^ "SEPULTURA Bassist: Reunion With MAX CAVALERA Would Have To Happen 'Naturally'". Blabbermouth.net. January 31, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
- ^ Solis, Matt (February 18, 2016). "Hall of Fame Countdown: Sepultura's Arise". Decibel. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
Even though Paulo didn't play on the album,...
- ^ Lemos 1993, page 42.
- ^ a b c d e Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 128.
- ^ a b Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 131.
- ^ "5 Things You Didn't Know About Sepultura's 'Chaos A.D.'". Revolver. October 18, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 123.
- ^ Noakes, Tim (August 2013). "Max Cavalera's chaos theories come true". Dazed & Confused.
- ^ "They Did It All for the Nookie: Decibel Explores the Rise and Fall of Nu-Metal". Decibel. August 13, 2015. (August 13, 2005). Retrieved on September 15, 2015
- ^ McIver 2008, page 73.
- ^ a b Lemos 1993, page 43.
- ^ a b Cavalera, Max (1993). "Refuse/Resist". Chaos A.D. (CD booklet). Sepultura. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records. p. 2.
- ^ a b Haagsma, Robert (1993). "Sepultura". com Aardschok/Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008. Archived at Sepultura.be
- ^ Sepultura Chaos A.D., 1994.
- ^ "Interview: Max Cavalera says being straight edge helped him like metal more". Metal Insider. September 19, 2016. Retrieved on July 20, 2024
- ^ Anselmi, J. J. (April 12, 2016). "Sepultura's 'Chaos A.D.' Is the Anti-Colonial Rallying Cry that Thrash has Always Needed". VICE. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ a b Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 126.
- ^ Refuse/Resist (CD booklet). Sepultura. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records. 1994. p. 2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ Cavalera, Max / Beebee, Steve. Kerrang! Magazine. #1213, June 7, 2008. Treasure Chest. An Intimate Portrait Of A Life in Rock. P. 52
- ^ Mayhew, Parris (Director) (June 27, 1995). Sepultura: Third World Chaos (motion picture). United States of America: Roadrunner Records.
- ^ Chaos A.D. (CD booklet). Sepultura. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records. 1993. p. 6.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 130.
- ^ a b Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 132.
- ^ a b Mudrian 2004, page 189.
- ^ Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 143.
- ^ a b Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 133.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "The Roots of Sepultura". AllMusic. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ Placar magazine, August 1995, p. 15. Available on Google Books.
- ^ Oliveira 1994, page 62.
- ^ Oliveira 1994, page 63.
- ^ Alves, José Antônio (November 15, 2011). "Gangrena Gasosa: Para bater cabeça no terreiro". Whiplash.Net Rock e Heavy Metal. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
- ^ a b Monteiro 1998, page 14.
- ^ Monteiro 1998, page 12.
- ^ Maiato, Gustavo (March 3, 2023). "Andreas Kisser e Rafael Bittencourt explicam sucesso de "Roots" e "Holy Land" em 1996". Whiplash.Net Rock e Heavy Metal. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
- ^ Luiz, André (November 30, 2015). "Krucipha: a polêmica percussão no Metal". Portal Metal Revolution. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Chaos A.D. - Sepultura". Allmusic. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
- ^ Popoff, Martin (2007). The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 3: The Nineties. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Collector's Guide Publishing. p. 392. ISBN 978-1-894959-62-9.
- ^ a b c d "Sepultura - Chaos A.D. CD Album". Cduniverse.com. August 20, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
- ^ Darzin, Daina (May 5, 1994). "Metal Thunder". Rolling Stone. No. 681. p. 52.
- ^ Alderslade, Merlin (July 27, 2023). ""It was a magical and very inspiring time." Max Cavalera reveals his favourite Sepultura album, whether he'd ever reunite with the band". Metal Hammer. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
- ^ Christe (2003), Sound of the Beast, p. 264
- ^ Grow, Kory (June 29, 2017). "Gojira's Joe Duplantier: My 10 Favorite Metal Albums". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Munro, Scott (October 7, 2016). "Korn's Jonathan Davis: Sepultura ripped us off on Roots". Metal Hammer. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Vlahos, Dimitrius (December 17, 2022). "Slipknot: Disco novo, polêmica e admiração por Sepultura; baixista V-Man fala sobre Knotfest no Brasil". Rolling Stone Brasil. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Teixeira, Rafael (August 2, 2023). "Corey Taylor fala sobre importância do Sepultura para o Slipknot". Tenho Mais Discos Que Amigos!. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
- ^ Kelly, Kim (June 21, 2017). "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
- ^ "100 greatest heavy metal albums". NME. August 14, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ^ "VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs", 1–4 May 2006, VH1 Channel, reported by VH1.com; last accessed September 10, 2006.
- ^ Espírito Santo 2007, page 119.
- ^ Pereira 2007, page 122.
- ^ "Sepultura - Chaos A.D. (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs.com. June 2, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
- ^ "Australiancharts.com – Sepultura – Chaos A.D.". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Austriancharts.at – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 166. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
- ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1993. 44. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Charts.nz – Sepultura – Chaos A.D.". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Sepultura – Chaos A.D.". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Sepultura – Chaos A.D.". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Swisscharts.com – Sepultura – Chaos A.D.". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Sepultura Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1997 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
- ^ a b "Sepultura "Chaos A.D." Indonesia Gold sales award". Facebook. June 20, 2024.
- ^ "Dutch album certifications – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Enter Chaos A.D. in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1998 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
- ^ "British album certifications – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." British Phonographic Industry.
- ^ "American album certifications – Sepultura – Chaos A.D." Recording Industry Association of America.
Works cited
- Barcinski, André & Gomes, Silvio (1999). Sepultura: Toda a História. São Paulo: Ed. 34. ISBN 85-7326-156-0
- Korolenko, Jason (2014), Relentless: Thirty Years of Sepultura. Rocket 88. ISBN 978-1-906615-92-5
- Lemos, Anamaria (1993). Caos Desencanado. Bizz, 98, 40–45.
- McIver, Joel (2008). The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists. Jawbone Press. ISBN 1906002207
- Monteiro, Antônio Carlos (1998). Angra: De Volta às Raízes. Rock Brigade, 17(145): 12-15.
- Mudrian, Albert (2004). Choosing Death: the Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore. Los Angeles, CA: Feral House.
- Oliveira, Daniel (1994). Overdose: America, Here We Go! Rock Brigade, 13(98): 62-63.
- Pereira, Leonardo Dias (2007, October). Os 100 maiores discos da música brasileira. Rolling Stone Brasil, 13, 109-114; 116-120; 122-126. ISSN 1980-1130
- Santo, José Julio do Espírito (2007, October). Os 100 maiores discos da música brasileira. Rolling Stone Brasil, 13, 109-114; 116-120; 122-126. ISSN 1980-1130
- Sepultura (1993). Chaos A.D. [CD]. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records.
- Sepultura Chaos A.D. (1994). Port Chester, NY: Cherry Lane Music.
- v
- t
- e
- Max Cavalera
- Igor Cavalera
- Cássio
- Wagner Lamounier
- Roberto Raffan
- Beto Pinga
- Roberto UFO
- Julio Cesar Vieira Franco
- Jairo Guedz
- Jean Dolabella
- Eloy Casagrande
- Morbid Visions
- Schizophrenia
- Beneath the Remains
- Arise
- Chaos A.D.
- Roots
- Against
- Nation
- Roorback
- Dante XXI
- A-Lex
- Kairos
- The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart
- Machine Messiah
- Quadra
- Under a Pale Grey Sky
- Live in São Paulo
- Under Siege (Live in Barcelona)
- Live in São Paulo
- "Arise"
- "Dead Embryonic Cells"
- "Refuse/Resist"
- "Slave New World"
- "Territory"
- "Roots Bloody Roots"
- "Attitude"
- "Ratamahatta"
- "Choke"