 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Chono | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Chile |
| Region | Chonos Archipelago, Chiloé Archipelago |
| Ethnicity | Chono people |
| Extinct | 1875[citation needed] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | chon1248 |
 | |
Chono is a poorly attested extinct language of confusing classification. It is attested primarily from an 18th-century catechism,[1] which is not translated into Spanish. Various placenames in Chiloé Archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite the main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Veliche.[2]
Classification
[edit]Campbell (2012) concludes that the language called Chono or Wayteka or Wurk-wur-we by Llaras Samitier (1967) is spurious, with the source material being a list of mixed and perhaps invented vocabulary.[3]
Viegas Barros, who postulates a relationship between Kawesqar and Yaghan, believes that 45% of the Chono vocabulary and grammatical forms correspond to one of those languages, though it is not close to either.[4]
Glottolog concludes that "There are lexical parallels with Mapuche as well as Qawesqar, ... but the core is clearly unrelated." They characterize Chono as a "language isolate", which corresponds to an unclassified language in other classifications.
Fake "Chono" of Samitier (1967)
[edit]The following list of Chono (Wayteka) words, as "spoken" in the Gulf of Penas, is from Samitier (1967).[5] It was later found to be spurious by Campbell (2012).[3]
| Chono (Wayteka) | English gloss (translated) |
Spanish gloss (original) |
notes (English translations) |
notes (Spanish original) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tónkekoq | grandfather | abuelo | same as 'old man' | igual que ‘hombre viejo’ |
| maáksa | water | agua | drinking water | agua potable |
| kamóka | wing | ala | ||
| neks | bitter | amargo | bitter taste | gusto amargo |
| káaʃer | friend | amigo | same as 'like a son' | igual que ‘como un hijo’ |
| saco | anchor | ancla | según Fitz Roy | |
| noksawlek | year | año | ||
| walete | plow | arado | wooden stick for removing dirt | según Fitz Roy. Pala para remover la tierra en las islas. Era de madera |
| mékta | tree | árbol | any tree | cualquier árbol |
| walt | bow | arco | bow for shooting arrows | arco para disparar flechas |
| kénkapon | rainbow | arco iris | lit. 'eye of sky' | significa ‘ojo del cielo’ |
| káukan | bustard | avutarda | ||
| tékam | blue | azul | cf. tepon 'color of the sky' | también, tepon, que significa ‘color del cielo’ |
| katáiʃ | whale | ballena | ||
| táiʃkoq | beard | barba | beard of old man | barba del ‘hombre viejo’ |
| léikse | drink | beber | ||
| taiʃo | moustache | bigote | ||
| wékorq | white | blanco | like foam of ocean waves | como espuma de la ola |
| láur | mouth | boca | lit. 'to speak'; cf. la 'tongue' | ‘para hablar’, igual que la, lengua |
| rálm | ember | brasa | ||
| tákfo | sorcerer | brujo | igual que Fo, un brujo legendario | |
| mókstap | head | cabeza | ||
| wampus | canoe | canoa | pirogue | piragua (dalca en araucano) |
| pon | sky | cielo | ||
| ɣas’e | clarity | claridad | daylight (without sun); also daytime deity | la luz del día, sin sol. Divinidad diurna ... citada en sus mitos. |
| swa’kalk | heart | corazón | que golpea adentro | |
| ka’wais | Chiloé | Chiloé Island | our 'island of stones' | nuestra ‘isla de piedra’ |
| kémaway, ketámaway | hut | choza | ||
| arks | finger | dedo | also called: lek 'one' | también lo llamaban lek, que quiere decir uno |
| wárʃɣa | day | día | from dawn to night | desde el amanecer hasta la noche |
| mótok | doubt | dudar | same as 'to think' | igual que ‘pensar’ |
| kseksel | age | edad | ||
| ʃérri-ʃúpon | good spirit | espíritu bueno | lit. 'son of the sky' | el ‘hijo del cielo’ |
| sacima | evil spirit | espíritu malo | ||
| terk | spit | escupir | ||
| kíχie | star | estrella | ||
| oméke | lantern | farol | ||
| pénkel | cold | frío | ||
| ʃéku | fire | fuego | ||
| wur | speak | hablar | ||
| ʃer | son | hijo | ||
| ʃérse | daughter | hija | ||
| téka | native man | hombre nativo | ||
| kúwa | white man | hombre blanco | Fitz Roy anota kubba | |
| yagépo | winter | invierno | lit. 'time without sin' | significa ‘tiempo sin sol’ |
| wa, we | island | isla | ||
| ʃo | lip | labio | ||
| táka | wolf | lobo | same as 'seal' | igual que foca. Píur según; Juan I. Molina. |
| gérak | bright star | lucero | ||
| ay | place | lugar | cf. aysen 'place of drizzle/fog' | aysen, significa lugar de las lloviznas o neblinas |
| kiráke | moon | luna | ||
| omése | mother | madre | ||
| ma’a | mother (voc.) | mamá | first words of infants | primera voz de los niños |
| ksewa | hand | mano | ||
| wanéʃe | woman | mujer | ||
| ksárro | blanket | manta | blanket made from dyed animal skins | carro, según Molina. Manta de pieles teñidas |
| nékseks | swim | nadar | ||
| ko’o | black | negro | ||
| konkóse | girl | niña | ||
| konkok | boy | niño | ||
| λosen | snow | nieve | ||
| sen | fog | niebla | also 'drizzle' | también ‘llovizna’ |
| nenke | no | no | negation | negación |
| pónse | cloud | nube | means 'fog of the sky' | ‘niebla del cielo’ |
| cincimen | otter | nutria | según Juan I. Molina | |
| ʃóko | ocean | océano | Pacific Ocean | el océano Pacífico |
| pérkse | darkness | obscuridad | same as 'night' | igual que la noche. Divinidad nocturna |
| ténkok | father | padre | ||
| áwitem | paradise | paraíso | afterworld | mansión en que imaginaban a sus muertos |
| táiʃ | hair | pelo | ||
| téwa | dog | perro | dogs to help with fishing | perro, que empleaban para ayudarles en la pesca |
| akína | priest | papa | priests in the forest | papas silvestres. Darwin anota el mismo vocablo |
| ménka | foot | pie | ||
| éwenk | blood | sangre | animal blood | sangre de animales |
| wíwe | whistle (v., n.) | silbar, silbido | ||
| kilineχa | rope | soga | rope from plant fibers | soga vegetal según Juan I. Molina |
| gépon | sun | sol | ||
| wil | south | sud | also 'southerly wind' | también llamaban asi al viento frío del sud |
| sékewil | dream | sueño | ||
| tiki | table, plank | tabla o tablón | canoe planks | tablones de las canoas. Según Molina también nombre de un árbol |
| wask | earth | tierra | ||
| kákwe | green | verde | same as prairie grass | igual que el pasto de las vegas |
| pokéye | summer | verano | sunny season, 'to shine (of sky)' | tiempo de sol, ‘brilla el cielo’ |
| áriɣm | wind | viento | storm winds only | únicamente el viento de la tempestad |
| lek | one | uno | ||
| wo, wotok | two | dos | dos, ‘un par’ | |
| kselek | three | tres | ||
| wowo | four | cuatro | 2 x 2 | dos pares |
| ksewo | five | cinco | 5 | una mano |
| kselekwo | six | seis | 2 x 3 | tres, dos veces |
| ksewowo | seven | siete | 3+4 | tres, más cuatro |
| ksewowolek | eight | ocho | 5+2+1 | una mano, un par y uno |
| lekwonenk | nine | nueve | 5+5-1 | dos manos menos uno |
| wire | ten | diez | 5+5 | o wire-ksewo, dos manos completas |
References
[edit]- ^ Doctrina para los viejos chonos (published in Bausani 1975)
- ^ Ibar Bruce, Jorge (1960). "Ensayo sobre los indios Chonos e interpretación de sus toponimías". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 117: 61–70.
- ^ a b Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
- ^ Adelaar & Muysken, 2005. The languages of the Andes
- ^ Samitier, Liaras. 1967. El grupo chono o wayteka y los demas pueblos fuegopatagonia. Runa 10. 1-2:123-94 (Buenos Aires).
External links
[edit]
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Chono word list