Comparison of Java virtual machines
Version information
Name | Creator | First public release | Latest stable version | Latest release date | Cost, availability | License |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eclipse OpenJ9 (formerly IBM J9) | IBM | 15 Mar 2018[1] | 0.46.0[2] ![]() | 12 August 2024; 15 days ago (12 August 2024) | Free | Apache License 2.0 Eclipse Public License 2.0 |
GCJ | GNU | 6 September 1998 | 6.4 (Terminal) | 4 July 2017 | Free | GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception"[3] |
GraalVM | Oracle | May 2019 | GraalVM for JDK 22.0.1[4] ![]() | 16 April 2024; 4 months ago (16 April 2024) | Free | GPL version 2 only |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | jdk-16 | 16 March 2021 | Free | GPL version 2 only |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | jdk 16 | 16 March 2021 | Free | Proprietary |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | ? | ? | Commercial | Proprietary[5] |
HotSpot, Zero port | Gary Benson[6] | ? | ? | ? | Free | GPL version 2 only |
IKVM.NET | Jeroen Frijters | 28 June 2004 | 7.0.4335.0 | 5 December 2011 | Free | zlib License[7] |
JAmiga | Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström | 19 May 2005[8] | 1.2 | 6 January 2014 | Free | GPL version 2 or later |
JamVM | Robert Lougher | 13 March 2003 | 2.0.0 | 30 July 2014 | Free | GPL version 2 or later |
Jato VM | Pekka Enberg and contributors[9] | ? | 0.3[10] | 4 January 2012[10] | Free | GPL version 2 only[9] |
JC virtual machine | Archie L. Cobbs | ? | 1.4.7 | 13 November 2005 | Free | LGPL version 2.1 or later |
Jikes RVM | IBM | 14 October 2001 | 3.1.4[11] | 18 February 2016[11] | Free | Eclipse Public License version 1.0[12] |
Kaffe | Transvirtual Technologies | 1996 | 1.1.9 | 22 February 2008 | Free | GPL version 2 or later[13] |
Mysaifu JVM | ? | 16 April 2005[14] | 0.4.8[14] | 5 March 2010[14] | Free | GPL version 2 only[14] |
SableVM | Sable Research Group | ? | 1.13 | 30 March 2007[15] | Free | LGPL version 2.1 or later |
Technical information
JVM | Status | Latest supported Java version | Supported class libraries | Performance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GNU Classpath | OpenJDK | Other | Interpretation | AOT | JIT | |||
GCJ | No longer maintained or distributed by GNU as of GCC 7[16] | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Reference implementation. | 1.8 | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Reference implementation. | 1.8 | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | ? | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
HotSpot, Zero port | Interpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable. | 1.7 | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
IKVM.NET | ? | ? | ? | Whatever the .NET runtime uses | ||||
JAmiga | 1.4[17] | Yes[18] | No | Yes[19] | No | No | ||
JamVM | 1.8[20] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | No | Yes[21] | ||
Jato VM | 1.6[22] | Yes[10] | No[23] | No[23] | No[23] | Yes[10] | ||
JC virtual machine | Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler. | 1.4[24] | Yes[25] | No | Yes[26] | Yes[26] | Yes[26] | |
Jikes RVM | 1.6[27] | Yes[28] | Port[29][30] | Apache Harmony[28] | No[31] | ? | Yes | |
Kaffe | 1.4[13] | Yes[13] | No | Yes[13] | No[13] | Yes[13] | ||
Mysaifu JVM | ? | Yes[32] | No | Yes[33] | No[33] | No[33] | ||
SableVM | Unmaintained | 1.4 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Supported CPU architectures
JVM | x86 | x86-64 | SPARC | MIPS | Itanium | Power ISA | ARM | Alpha | S/390 | z/Architecture | m68k |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCJ | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | No[34] | No[34] |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Yes[35] | Yes[35] | Solaris only[35] | Port[36][37] | No[35] | PowerPC/AIX port[38] | Yes[35] | No[35] | No[35] | No[35] | No[35] |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Yes[35] | Yes[35] | Solaris only[35] | No[35] | Java 1.6[39] | No[35] | Yes[35] | No[35] | No[35] | No[35] | No[35] |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | ? | ? | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | ? | ? | ? | ? |
HotSpot, Zero port | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | No[40] | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | No[40] | Yes[40] | No[40] |
IKVM.NET | Any architecture with a .NET framework. | ||||||||||
JAmiga | ? | ? | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
JamVM | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | No[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] |
Jato VM | Yes[10] | Under development[41] | No | No | No | Under development[41] | Preliminary ARMv5 support[23] | No | No | No | No |
JC virtual machine | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Jikes RVM | Yes[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] |
Kaffe | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | No[13] | Yes[13] |
Mysaifu JVM | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | Yes[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] |
SableVM | Yes[44] | Yes | Yes[44] | Yes | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | No[44] | Yes[44] |
Supported operating systems
JVM | Windows | Linux | FreeBSD | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Solaris | OpenSolaris | Darwin | macOS | iOS | BeOS | Haiku | AIX | IRIX | OS/2 | Windows Mobile | AmigaOS | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCJ | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | ? | ? | Yes[34] | ? | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | ? | ? | ? | ? | Yes[34] | ? | No[34] | No[34] | DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller[34] |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Yes[45] (distributed as source code) | Yes | Port[46] | Port[46] | Port[46] | Yes | Yes[47] | ? | Yes[48] | No | No | Port[49] | Port[38] | No | Port[50] | No | No | |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Yes[35] | Yes[35] | No | No | No | Yes[35] | ? | ? | Yes[35] | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | Yes[5] | ?[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | |
HotSpot, Zero port | No[40][51] | Yes[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | No[40][51] | |
IKVM.NET | Any operating system with a .NET framework | |||||||||||||||||
JAmiga | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | |
JamVM | No[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | No[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | On Jailbroken iPhone[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | No[21] | kFreeBSD |
Jato VM | No[41] | Yes[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | Under development[41] | ?[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | No[41] | |
JC virtual machine | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
Jikes RVM | No[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | No[42] | |
Kaffe | Using Cygwin[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | ? | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | No[13] | Yes[13] | No[13] | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | No[13] | No[13] | Yes | Many others[13] |
Mysaifu JVM | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | Yes[43] | No[43] | |
SableVM | Using Cygwin[44] | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Yes[44] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
References
- ^ "Release Eclipse OpenJ9 v0.8.0 · eclipse-openj9/openj9". Github. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ^ "Release 0.46.0". 12 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ "The GCJ FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gcc.gnu.org. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "GraalVM for JDK 21". Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Oracle Java SE Embedded Overview". Oracle. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "gbenson.net". gbenson.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "License - ikvm". SourceForge.net. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "JAmiga - Browse /jamiga/pre-alpha 0.0.5 at Sourceforge.net". Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ a b "jato/README at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012. [permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e "Jato". Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Jikes RVM - Browse /jikesrvm at Sourceforge.net". Sourceforge.net. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "License". Jikes RVM. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "kaffe/kaffe". GitHub. 9 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Mysaifu JVM". Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ "SableVM - Browse /sablevm/1.13 at". Sourceforge.net. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "GCC 7 Release Series — Changes, New Features, and Fixes - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". gcc.gnu.org.
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- ^ "interpreter.c - jamiga 2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ "JamVM | Release notes for JamVM at SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
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- ^ a b c d "jato/TODO at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ "SourceForge.net Repository - [jcvm] Contents of /jcvm/libjc/properties.c". Jcvm.cvs.sourceforge.net. 15 May 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
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- ^ "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: libraryInterface/GNUClasspath/EPL/src/gnu/classpath/VMSystemProperties.java@6e24f915d0ba". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ a b "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: files". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "openjdk4jikesrvm - Use Openjdk library as JikesRVM's class library - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 31 July 2012.
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- ^ "Feature request for interpreter". Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "OpenJDK: Zero-Assembler Project". openjdk.java.net.
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Java virtual machines (comparison)
- Apache Harmony
- Dalvik
- GCJ
- JRockit
- JX
- Kaffe
- KVM
- Microsoft JVM
- SableVM
- Squawk
- Jupiter
- Excelsior JET
- more…