Intertrappean Beds
Intertrappean Beds | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Danian, 66.1–65.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Deccan Traps |
Overlies | Infratrappean Beds |
Location | |
Coordinates | ![]() ![]() Intertrappean Beds (India) |
The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene geologic formation in India. The beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. The formation spans the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a stratigraphic range of only a few hundred thousand years before and after the boundary, and a significant debate exists about whether specific sites belong to the Cretaceous or the Paleocene.[2][1]
Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[7][8] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.
Paleobiota
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Invertebrates
Genus | Species | Material | Location | Time Period | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
?Buprestidae | Indeterminate | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Jewel beetle. | ||
Lomatus[9] | L. hislopi | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Jewel beetle. | ||
?Curculionidae | Indeterminate | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snout beetle. | ||
Meristos | M. hunteri | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snout beetle. | ||
Ostracoda | Indeterminate | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | An Ostracod. | ||
Palaeotanymecides | P. hislopi | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snout beetle. | ||
Bivalvia | Indeterminate | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Clam. | ||
Limnaea | sp. | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snail. | ||
Valvata | sp. | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snail. | ||
Paludina | sp. | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snail. | ||
Physa | P. prinsepii | Maharashtra | Maastrichtian | A Snail. |
Fish
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthracoperca | A. bhatiai | Naskal, Rangapur | Otolith. | A percoid otolith. | ||
Apateodus | A. striatus | Asifabad[10] | An enchodontoid aulopiform. | |||
Ariidae | incertae sedis | Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar | Otolith. | An ariid catfish otolith. | ||
?Belonostomus | B. indicus | Nagpur[3][11] | An aspidorhynchid. | |||
Coupatezia | C. sp | Asifabad[10] | An eagle ray. | |||
Cyprinidae | incertae sedis | Deothan-Kheri | A cyprinid. | |||
Dapalis | D. erici | Rangapur | Otolith. | A serranid otolith. | ||
"Eotrigonodon" | "E." wardhaensis | Asifabad[10] | Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12] | |||
Enchodus | E. sp | Asifabad[10] | An enchodontoid aulopiform. | |||
Horaclupea | H. intertrappea | Bamanbor[7] | Complete skeleton. | A clupeid. | ||
Igdabatis | I. indicus | Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] | An eagle ray. | |||
Indiaichthys | I. bamanborensis | Bamanbor[8] | Multiple complete skeletons. | A possible percoid.[15] | ||
"Indotrigonodon" | "I." ovatus | Asifabad[10] | Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12] | |||
"Lepidotes" | "L." sp | Asifabad[10] | A lepisosteiform. | |||
Lepisosteus | L. indicus | Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] | A gar. | |||
Nandidae | incertae sedis | Deothan-Kheri | A nandid. | |||
Osteoglossidae | incertae sedis | Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] | An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities. | |||
Palaeolabrus | P. dormaalensis | Asifabad[10] | A palaeolabrid. | |||
Palaeopristolepis | P. chiplonkari | Bamanbor[7] | Multiple partial skeletons. | A questionable leaffish.[15] | ||
P. feddeni | ||||||
"Perca" | "P." angusta | Bamanbor[7] | Skull. | A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[15] | ||
Percomorpha | incertae sedis | Bamanbor[8] | Partial skeleton. | A percomorph of uncertain affinities. | ||
Phareodus | P. sp. | Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[10] | A bonytongue. | |||
Polycanthidae | incertae sedis | Deothan-Kheri | A polycanthid. | |||
"Pisdurodon" | "P." spatulatus | Asifabad[10] | Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12] | |||
Pycnodontidae | incertae sedis | Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] | A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities. | |||
"Pycnodus" | "P." lametae | Asifabad[10] | A pycnodontid. | |||
Raja | R. sudhakari | Asifabad[10] | A skate. | |||
Rhombodus | R. sp. | Asifabad[10] | A stingray. | |||
Serranidae | incertae sedis | Deothan-Kheri | A serranid. | |||
Siluriformes | incertae sedis | Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] | A catfish of uncertain affinities. | |||
Sphenodus | S. sp. | Asifabad[10] | A shark. | |||
Stephanodus | S. lybicus | Asifabad & Marepalli[10] | A pycnodontid. |
Otolith-based taxa
Genus[16] | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"Ambassidarum" | A. cappettai | Nagpur | Otolith | An ambassid otolith. | ||
"Apogonidarum" | A. curvatus | Naskal, Rangapur | Otolith | A cardinalfish otolith. | ||
"Blenniidarum" | B. sp | Rangapur | Otolith | A blenny otolith. | ||
?"Centropomidarum" | C. takliensis | Nagpur | Otolith | A possible snook otolith. | ||
"Clupeidarum" | C. valdiyai | Nagpur, Rangapur | Otolith | A clupeid otolith. | ||
C. sahnii | ||||||
"Gonorhynchidarum" | G. rectangulus | Nagpur, Rangapur | Otolith | A gonorynchid otolith. | ||
"Heterotidinarum" | H. heterotoides | Naskal | Otolith | An arapaimine otolith. | ||
"Notopteridarum" | N. nolfi | Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta | Otolith | A notopterid otolith. | ||
"Osteoglossidarum" | O. deccanensis | Naskal, | Otolith | An osteoglossid otolith. | ||
O. intertrappus | ||||||
"Percoideorum" | P. citreum | Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur | Otolith | Percoid otoliths. | ||
P. nagpurensis | ||||||
P. rangapurensis | ||||||
?"Pristolepidinarum" | P. jaegeri | Nag | Otolith | A possible pristolepid otolith. | ||
"Serranidarum" | S. sp. | Anjar | Otolith | A serranid otolith. |
Amphibians
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gobiatidae | incertae sedis | Naskal | A gobiatid frog.[3][17] | |||
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae" | incertae sedis | Naskal | A frog of uncertain affinities.[3][17] | |||
Indobatrachus | I. pusillus | Worli Hill | Multiple complete skeletons[18] | A frog of uncertain affinities. | ![]() | |
Pelobatidae | incertae sedis | Nagpur | A pelobatid frog.[3] | |||
Ranoidea | incertae sedis | Naskal | A ranoid frog.[3][17] | |||
Costata | incertae sedis | A costatan frog[17] | ||||
?Caudata | incertae sedis | A possible salamander.[17] |
Turtles
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carteremys | C. leithii | Worli Hill | Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible | A turtle of uncertain affinities. | ||
Sankuchemys | S. sethnai | Amboli Quarry[19] | Skull[19] | A bothremydid turtle. |
Lepidosaurs
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acrosphenodontia | Incertae sedis | Naskal[20] | Dentary with teeth.[20] | An indeterminate rhynchocephalian. | ||
"Agama" | A. sp. | Rangapur | An indeterminate agamid lizard. | |||
Anguidae | Incertae sedis | Naskal | An indeterminate anguid lizard.[17] | |||
?"Contogenys" | ?"C." sp. | Nagpur | An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[17] | |||
Deccansaurus | D. palaeoindicus | Kesavi[21] | Jaws & several osteoderms.[21] | A scincoid lizard. | ||
?"Exostinus" | "E." estestai | Nagpur | An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[17] | |||
"Eumeces" | "E." sp. | Rangapur | An indeterminate scincid lizard.[17] | |||
Indophis | I. sahnii | Naskal[22] | Over 160 vertebrae.[22] | A nigerophiid snake. | ||
"Litakis" | "L." sp. | Nagpur | An indeterminate lizard. | |||
"Pristiguana" | "P." sp. | Nagpur | An indeterminate iguanid lizard. | |||
Serpentes | Incertae sedis | Naskal[22] | A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[22] | A snake. | ||
Serpentes[17] | Incertae sedis | Possibly a primitive form, | ||||
Madtsoiidae[17] | Incertae sedis | Three individuals. | Madsoid snakes. | |||
cf. Indophis[17] | cf. I. sahnii | Nigerophiidae snake. | ||||
Booidea[17] | Incertae sedis | Possibly a Booid snake. |
Crocodyliforms
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crocodylidae | incertae sedis | Worli Hill[3][23] | Teeth and dentary. | A crocodylid crocodyliform. | ||
Dyrosauridae | incertae sedis | Kisalpuri[24] | Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae | A dyrosaurid crocodyliform. | ||
Crocodyliformes | incertae sedis | Naskal[23] | Teeth. | Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus. |
Dinosaurs
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
?"Hypselosaurus" | "H." sp | Mohgaon Kalan[3] | A titanosaurian sauropod. | |||
Massospondylus[25] | M. rawesi | Tooth | Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod. | |||
Sauropoda | Incertae sedis | Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3] | Bones | Sauropod bones. |
Oogenera
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Megaloolithus | baghensis | Kisalpuri[13] | Eggshell fragments | A Titanosaur egg. | ||
Subtiliolithus | kachhensis | Kisalpuri[13] | Eggshell fragments | A Enantiornithine bird egg. |
Pterosaurs
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pterosauria | incertae sedis | Sirol-khal locality[5] | An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[26] |
Mammals
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bharattherium | B. bonapartei | Kisalpuri | A sudamericid mammal. | |||
Deccanolestes | D. hislopi | Naskal microvertebrate site | Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna. | A eutherian mammal. | ||
D. robustus | Naskal microvertebrate site | "Dental material and an astragalus". | A eutherian mammal. | |||
D. narmadensis | Kisalpuri | A eutherian mammal. | ||||
Indoclemensia | I. naskalensis | Naskal microvertebrate site[1] | A eutherian mammal. | |||
I. magnus | Naskal microvertebrate site[1] | A eutherian mammal. | ||||
Indotriconodon | I. magnus | Kutch[27] | A eutriconodont mammal. | |||
Kharmerungulatum | K. vanvaleni | Kisalpuri[28] | A eutherian mammal. | |||
Sahnitherium | S. rangapurensis | Rangapur microvertebrate site[29] | Upper Molar. | A eutherian mammal. |
Flora
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connaroxylon | C. dimorphum | Dhagaon, Mandla district[30] | Wood[30] | Affinities with Connaraceae. | ||
Euphorbiotheca | E. deccanensis | Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[31] | ||||
Hyphaeneocarpon | Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[32] | |||||
Palmocarpon | Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[33] | |||||
Palmoxylon | P. dindoriensis | Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[34] | ||||
Pantocarpon | Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[35] | |||||
Phyllanthocarpon | P. singpurensis | Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[36] | ||||
Rhizopalamoxylon | Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[37] | |||||
Pediastrum | Algae.[38] | |||||
Lecaniella | Algae.[38] | |||||
Pierceites | P. deccanensis | A Dinocyst.[38] | ||||
Aulacoseira | A Diatom.[38] | |||||
Azolla | Member of Salviniaceae.[38] | |||||
Crybelosporites | Member of Marsileaceae.[38] | |||||
Sparganiaceaepollenites | Pollen grains, Member of [38]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae. | |||||
Marsilea | Member Marsileaceae.[38] | |||||
Regnellidium | Member of Marsileaceae.[38] | |||||
Nymphaeaceae indet.[38] | ||||||
Typhaceae indet.[38] | ||||||
Liliaceae indet.[38] | ||||||
Acanthaceae indet.[38] | ||||||
Pontederiaceae indet.[38] | ||||||
Ovoidites | Member of Zygnemataceae.[38] | |||||
Gabonisporis | Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[38] |
See also
- Lameta Formation
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike; Anantharaman, S.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110857. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110857W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182.
- ^ Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". Topics in Geobiology. 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2024-04-03
- ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
- ^ a b Barrett, P.M., Butler, R.J., Edwards, N.P., & Milner, A.R. Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. p61-107. in Flugsaurier: Pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.[1]
- ^ "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b c d Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra". Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences. 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097.
- ^ a b c Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R (eds.), "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, retrieved 2024-04-03
- ^ Bellamy, C. L. (2013). "Fossil Buprestidae". A Checklist of World Buprestoidea. Retrieved 7 Sep 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prasad, G. V. R. (1989-08-01). "Vertebrate Fauna From the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications". Geological Society of India. 34 (2): 161–173. ISSN 0974-6889.
- ^ "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ a b c Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Kaur, Jasdeep; Prashanth, M. (2017-02-17). "Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications". Historical Biology. 29 (2): 253–265. Bibcode:2017HBio...29..253V. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ a b c d e f g Khosla, A.; Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Jain, A. K.; Sahni, A. (2004-08-10). "Discovery of a micromammal-yielding Deccan intertrappean site near Kisalpuri, Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (3): 380–383. ISSN 0011-3891.
- ^ a b c d e Lourembam, Ranjit Singh; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Grover, Pooja (2017). "Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India". Island Arc. 26 (1). Bibcode:2017IsArc..26E2180L. doi:10.1111/iar.12180. ISSN 1038-4871.
- ^ a b c Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- ^ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate", Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8, retrieved 2024-04-03
- ^ Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13. hdl:2246/3061.
- ^ a b Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
- ^ a b Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30). "First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (1). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E8059A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b Yadav, Ravi; Bajpai, Sunil; Maurya, A.S.; Čerňanský, Andrej (June 2023). "The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105606. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005606Y. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606.
- ^ a b c d Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83.
- ^ a b Prasad, Guntupalli V. R; de Lapparent de Broin, France (2002-01-01). "Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 19–71. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88...19P. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4. ISSN 0753-3969.
- ^ Khosla, Ashu; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar (2009-12-12). "Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1321–1326. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1321K. doi:10.1671/039.029.0416. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Weishampel, David B. (1990). "Dinosaur distribution". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 63–139. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.
- ^ Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2023-07-01). "A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record". Gondwana Research. 119: 341–383. Bibcode:2023GondR.119..341P. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005. ISSN 1342-937X.
- ^ Bajpai, Sunil; Rautela, Abhay; Yadav, Ravi; Mantilla, Gregory P. Wilson (29 February 2024). "The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234.
- ^ Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Parmar, V.; Khosla, A. (2007-11-09). "A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India". Science. 318 (5852): 937. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..937P. doi:10.1126/science.1149267. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991854.
- ^ Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 331–348.
- ^ a b Baas, Pieter; Manchester, Steven R.; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Srivastava, Rashmi (2017-02-13). "Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae?". IAWA Journal. 38 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170162. ISSN 0928-1541. S2CID 91159009.
- ^ Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 239507275.
- ^ Matsunaga, Kelly K S; Manchester, Steven R; Srivastava, Rashmi; Kapgate, Dashrath K; Smith, Selena Y (2019-06-21). "Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (3): 260–280. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz019. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ^ Manchester, Steven R.; Bonde, Suresh D.; Nipunage, Dinesh S.; Srivatava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, Rakesh C.; Smith, Selena Y. (2016-07-19). "Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 633–641. doi:10.1086/687290. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 88667232.
- ^ Khan, Mahasin Ali; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Bera, Subir (2020-01-01). "A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 95 (1): 75–83. Bibcode:2020JGSI...95...75K. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1. ISSN 0974-6889. S2CID 210134584.
- ^ Manchester, Steven R.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Patil, Sharadkumar P.; Ramteke, Deepak; Matsunaga, Kelly K.S.; Smith, Selena Y. (2019-10-23). "Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1086/706856. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ^ Kapgate, Dashrath; Manchester, Steven R.; Stuppy, Wolfgang (2017-06-01). "Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India" (PDF). Acta Palaeobotanica. 57 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1515/acpa-2017-0004. ISSN 2082-0259.
- ^ Kathal, P. K.; Srivastava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, R. C.; Alexander, P. O. (2017-03-29). "Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Earth System Science. 126 (3): 35. Bibcode:2017JESS..126...35K. doi:10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1. ISSN 0973-774X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Samant, Bandana; Puranik, Sumedha; Kapgate, D. K.; Mohabey, D. M.; Dhobale, Anup (2022-11-01). "Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications". Cretaceous Research. 139: 105302. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13905302S. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302. ISSN 0195-6671.
References
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- v
- t
- e