Judith River Formation
Judith River Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 79–75.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
![]() Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Judith River Group |
Sub-units | Parkman Sandstone Member, McClelland Ferry Member, Coal Ridge Member, Woodhawk Member |
Underlies | Bearpaw Formation |
Overlies | Claggett Formation, Pakowki Formation |
Thickness | max 360 meters (1,180 ft)[1] |
Lithology | |
Primary | Mudstone and sandstone |
Location | |
Region | ![]() |
Country | ![]() |
Type section | |
Named for | Judith River near the confluence with the Missouri River |
Named by | F.V. Hayden, 1871;[2] F.B. Meek, 1876.[3] |
The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana, and is part of the Judith River Group. It dates to the Late Cretaceous, between 79 and 75.3 million years ago,[4] corresponding to the "Judithian" land vertebrate age. It was laid down during the same time period as portions of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana[5] and the Oldman Formation of Alberta.[6] It is an historically important formation, explored by early American paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope, who named several dinosaurs from scrappy remains found here on his 1876 expedition (such as Monoclonius). Modern work has found nearly complete skeletons of the hadrosaurid Brachylophosaurus.
Lithology
The Judith River Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.[1] Coal beds, bentonite and coquinas are also observed.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Judith_River_Formation_exposure-2.jpg/220px-Judith_River_Formation_exposure-2.jpg)
Relationship with other units
The Judith River Formation conformably overlies the Claggett Formation and Pakowki Formation. It is overlain by the Bearpaw Formation.[1] It is equivalent to the Belly River Formation in the southern Canadian Rockies foothills, the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta and the Wapiti Formation in the northwestern plains.
Sub-divisions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Judith_River_Formation%2C_Upper_Missouri_Breaks_National_Monument.jpg/220px-Judith_River_Formation%2C_Upper_Missouri_Breaks_National_Monument.jpg)
The Judith River Formation is divided into four members, the Parkman Sandstone Member, the McClelland Ferry Member, the Coal Ridge member, and the Woodhawk Member.[7] The McClelland Ferry Member (78.7-76.3 Ma) is believed to be equivalent to the Oldman Formation, with the Coal Ridge Member (76.3-75.3 Ma) equivalent to the Dinosaur Park Formation.[4]
Fauna
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judith_River_Fauna.jpg/220px-Judith_River_Fauna.jpg)
Faunal list follows a review published by Ashok Sahni in 1972 unless otherwise noted.[8]
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Amphibians
There are three potential species of discoglossid frogs. Hip bones, possibly representing a North American member of the European spadefoot toad family are also known from the formation.
Amphibians of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
H. dilatus | A siren. | ||||||
L. bairdi | A scapherpetonid salamander. | ||||||
O. kayi | A possible lungless salamander. | ||||||
P. copei | |||||||
S. tectum | A scapherpetonid salamander. |
Fish
Bony fish
Bony fishes of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
Belonostomus | Belonostomus longirostris | An aspidorhynchiform. | |||||
Cyclurus | C. fragosus | A bowfin.[9] | |||||
Lepisosteus | L. occidentalis | Scales[10] | A gar. | ||||
?Paralbula | ?P. sp. | A bonefish. | |||||
Priscosturion | P. longipinnis | McClelland Ferry[11] | Upper Campanian[11] | A sturgeon. | |||
Psammorhynchus | P. longipinnis | McClelland Ferry[11] | Upper Campanian[11] | Preoccupied name, renamed Priscosturion.[12] | |||
Polyodontidae | Indeterminate | A paddlefish. Known remains exceeded size of Chinese paddlefish, total length would exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft).[13] |
Cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fishes of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
M. bipartitus | A stingray. |
Choristoderes
Choristoderes of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
C. sp. | ![]() |
Crocodilians
Crocodilians of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
B. montana | An alligatorid. | ![]() ![]() | |||||
L. canadensis | An alligatorid. | ||||||
Deinosuchus | D. hatcheri[14] | Two giant dorsal vertebrae and a number of osteoderms. |
Lizards
Lizards of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
C. segnis | A whiptail. | ||||||
Exostinus | E. lancensis | ||||||
Leptochamops | L. denticulatus | A whiptail. | |||||
P. bogerti | A parasaniwid. | ||||||
Parasaniwa | P. wyomingensis | A parasaniwid. |
Ornithischians
Ankylosaurs
Ankylosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
Edmontonia | E. longiceps | Isolated teeth[15] | A nodosaurid. | ![]() ![]() | |||
Zuul | Z. crurivastator | middle Coal Ridge | Cranial and postcranial skeletal remains and soft tissue, type specimen | An ankylosaurid |
Hadrosaurs
Hadrosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
B. canadensis | middle McClelland Ferry | A hadrosaurid which was one of the more common dinosaurs in the area.[16] | ![]() ![]() | ||||
Corythosaurus | C. sp.[17] | middle Coal Ridge | two partial skeletons | A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid | |||
D. calamarius | "Teeth."[18] | Nomen dubium | |||||
D. pentagonius | "Fragmentary dentary with teeth,"[18] type specimen | A dubious hadrosaurid | |||||
D. perengulatus | "Teeth."[18] | Nomen dubium | |||||
H. paucidens | Reclassified as Lambeosaurus? paucidens | ||||||
?"Kritosaurus" | ?"K." breviceps | A dubious hadrosaurid | |||||
?L. paucidens | "Squamosal, maxilla."[18] | Nomen dubium. An indeterminate lambeosaurine.[19] | |||||
P. costatus | "Tooth,"[10] type specimen | A dubious ankylosaur | |||||
P. bergei | lower McClelland Ferry | A brachylophosaurin hadrosaur | |||||
P. grallipes | "Skeleton lacking skull."[20] | A dubious hadrosaurid | |||||
T. mirabilis | Isolated teeth, type specimen[10] | A dubious hadrosaurid |
Marginocephalians
Ceratopsians
Ceratopsians reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
A. nesmoi[21] | Reclassified as Medusaceratops lokii | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | |||||
A. lammersi[21] | lower McClelland Ferry | "[Two] partial skulls, skeleton, juvenile,"[22] type specimen | A ceratopsid | ||||
C. montanus | "occipital condyle, paired horn cores,"[23] type specimen | A dubious ceratopsid | |||||
D. bicarinatus | "Isolated teeth."[23] | Nomen dubium | |||||
D. encaustus | "Single tooth and [five] tooth fragments."[18] "Isolated teeth."[23] | Nomen dubium | |||||
D. haydenianus | "Isolated teeth."[23] | Nomen dubium | |||||
D. peiganus | "Tooth."[23] | Nomen dubium | |||||
Furcatoceratops | F. elucidans | Fergus County, Montana[24] | Upper Coal Ridge[24] | Nearly complete subadult skeleton.[24] | A ceratopsid | ||
Judiceratops[25] | J. tigris[25] | lower McClelland Ferry | A ceratopsid | ||||
L. rangiformis[26] | Kennedy Coulee | Disarticulated, associated skeleton including most of the skull and fragmentary postcrania[26] | A ceratopsid | ||||
M. lokii[27] | lower McClelland Ferry | Bonebed[27] | A ceratopsid | ||||
M. gemini[28] | lower Coal Ridge | "one apomorphic squamosal"[28] | A ceratopsid | ||||
M. crassus[21] | lower Coal Ridge | "[Five] skulls, [one] complete."[22] Type specimen | A dubious ceratopsid | ||||
Spiclypeus | S. shipporum | McClelland Ferry[29] | Partial skull, vertebrae, ribs, humerus, ilium, femur, tibia, and fibula. | A ceratopsid |
Pachycephalosaurs
Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
Hanssuesia | H. sternbergi | A pachycephalosaurid. Also present in the Dinosaur Park and Oldman Formations. Possible synonym of Stegoceras. | ![]() |
Theropods
Dromaeosaurs
Dromeosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | |
D. albertensis | Ox Hill Quarry, Careless Creek Quarry, Hidden Valley Quarry & Blackbird Ridge Quarry.[30] | Teeth[30] | A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation | ![]() ![]() | |||
D. explanatus | "Tooth."[31] | Possible relative of Saurornitholestes | |||||
D. laevifrons | "Tooth."[31] | Possible relative of Saurornitholestes | |||||
Saurornitholestes | S. langstoni | Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[30] | Numerous teeth[30] | A dromaeosaurid | |||
Zapsalis[32] | Z. abradens | "Teeth,"[31] type specimen |
Troodonts
Troodonts reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | |
Theropod "A" | Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley, Blackbird Ridge & Jensen Ranch quarries.[30] | 28 teeth[30] | Teeth of a large theropod distinct from those of tyrannosaurids | ||||
T. formosus | Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat & Hidden Valley quarries.[30] | Teeth (type specimen),[10][30] egg | A troodontid, possibly dubious. |
Tyrannosaurs
Tyrannosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | |
A. lateralis | "Isolated teeth,"[33][34] type specimen | Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8] | ![]() ![]() | ||||
A. mirandus | Teeth, type specimen | Possible junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8] | |||||
Daspletosaurus | D. torosus | Coal Ridge Member[35] | Maxilla[36] and two partial skeletons [37][38] | A large tyrannosaurid. | |||
D. wilsoni[39] | Jack’s B2 | Partial skull, cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, and a rib, chevron, and first metatarsal | Originally considered to be a transitional species between D. torosus and D. horneri, though the validity of this claim has been questioned [35] | ||||
D. falculus | Teeth | Isolated tyrannosaur teeth classified in the dubious genus Deinodon | |||||
D. hazenianus | Teeth | Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8] | |||||
D. horridus | "Teeth,"[10] type specimen | Isolated tyrannosaur teeth that formed the basis of the dubious genus Deinodon | |||||
D. incrassatus | Teeth | Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8] | |||||
D. lateralis | Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8] | ||||||
Gorgosaurus | G. libratus | Postorbital[36] | A large tyrannosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation and possibly the Two Medicine Formation. |
Other Theropods
Theropods reported from the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | |
H. altus | Partial tibiotarsus | One of the only known freshwater occurrences of a hesperornithid.[40] | ![]() | ||||
O. tenuis | "Fragmentary metatarsal."[41] | A possible troodontid or juvenile tyrannosaurid | |||||
P. lacustris | Teeth, type specimen | An indeterminate maniraptoran, also found in the Dinosaur Park, Milk River, and Kirtland Formations | |||||
Richardoestesia | R. gilmorei | Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[30] | 12 teeth[30] | A coelurosaur |
Turtles
Turtles of the Judith River Formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
Adocus | A. sp. | ||||||
B. sp. |
See also
References
- ^ a b c Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. "Judith River Formation". Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Hayden, F.V., 1871. Geology of the Missouri Valley: Preliminary report (4th annual) of the Geol. Surv. of Wyoming and portions of contiguous territories.
- ^ Meek, Fielding Bradford, 1876. A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri country, Hayden, F.V., Geologist in Charge; United States Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Territories, vol. 9, page 629
- ^ a b Ramezani, Jahandar; Beveridge, Tegan L.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Eberth, David A.; Roberts, Eric M. (2022-09-26). "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 16026. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9512893. PMID 36163377.
- ^ Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S. G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age"–faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America." Pp. 7-29 in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R.M. (eds.), Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35.
- ^ Eberth, David A. (1997). "Judith River Wedge". In Currie, Philip J.; Padian Kevin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 379–380. ISBN 0-12-226810-5.
- ^ Rogers, Raymond R.; Kidwell, Susan M.; Deino, Alan L.; Mitchell, James P.; Nelson, Kenneth; Thole, Jeffrey T. (2016-01-01). "Age, Correlation, and Lithostratigraphic Revision of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation in Its Type Area (North-Central Montana), with a Comparison of Low- and High-Accommodation Alluvial Records". The Journal of Geology. 124 (1): 99–135. Bibcode:2016JG....124...99R. doi:10.1086/684289. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 130555911.
- ^ a b c d e f Sahni, A. (1972). "The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana." Bulletin of the AMNH, v. 147 article 6: 321-415.
- ^ Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1998-04-10). "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (sup1): 1–696. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c d e Leidy, J. (1856-12-31). "Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. FV Hayden in the Bad Lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8: 72–73. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1038128.
- ^ a b c d Grande, Lance; Hilton, Eric J. (July 2006). "An Exquisitely Preserved Skeleton Representing a Primitive Sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae: N. Gen. and Sp.)". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (S65): 1–39. doi:10.1666/05032.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131689748.
- ^ Grande, Lance; Hilton, Eric J. (March 2009). "A replacement name for †Psammorhynchus Grande & Hilton, 2006 (Actinopterygii, Acipenseriformes, Acipenseridae)". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (2): 317–318. doi:10.1666/08-137.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 85233540.
- ^ Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1991). "Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 1: ii–121. doi:10.2307/3889328. ISSN 1062-161X.
- ^ Schwimmer, David (2002). King of the Crocodylians: The Paleobiology of Deinosuchus. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 200.
- ^ Sahni, Ashok (1972). "The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana". Bulletin of the AMNH. 147 (6). hdl:2246/1099.
- ^ Trexler, David; Murphy, Nate; Thompson, Mark (June 2007). ""Leonardo," a Mummified Brachylophosaurus (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Judith River Formation of Montana". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). Horns and Beaks. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–133.
- ^ Takasaki, Ryuji; Chiba, Kentaro; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Brink, Kirstin S.; Evans, David C.; Fanti, Federico; Saneyoshi, Mototaka; Maltese, Anthony; Ishigaki, Shinobu (2022-10-23). "Description of the first definitive Corythosaurus (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) specimens from the Judith River Formation in Montana, USA and their paleobiogeographical significance". The Anatomical Record. 306 (7): 1918–1938. doi:10.1002/ar.25097. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 36273398. S2CID 253081338.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.
- ^ Prieto-Márquez, Alberto; Weishampel, David B.; Horner, John R. (2006). "The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (1): 77–98.
- ^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 443.
- ^ a b c Ryan and Evans, 2005
- ^ a b "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 495.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
- ^ a b c Ishikawa, Hiroki; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Manabe, Makoto (2023-07-20). "Furcatoceratops elucidans, a new centrosaurine (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the upper Campanian Judith River Formation, Montana, USA". Cretaceous Research. 151: 105660. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105660. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 260046917.
- ^ a b Nicholas R. Longrich (2013). "Judiceratops tigris, a New Horned Dinosaur from the Middle Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 54 (1): 51–65. doi:10.3374/014.054.0103. S2CID 129801786.
- ^ a b Loewen, Mark A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Sampson, Scott; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Carpenter, Savhannah; Sisson, Brock; Øhlenschlæger, Anna; Farke, Andrew A.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Longrich, Nick; Evans, David C. (2024-06-20). "Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs". PeerJ. 12: e17224. doi:10.7717/peerj.17224. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 11193970.
- ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Russell, Anthony P., and Hartman, Scott. (2010). "A New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid from the Judith River Formation, Montana", In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, and David A. Eberth (eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium, Indiana University Press, 656 pp. ISBN 0-253-35358-0.
- ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Evans, David C.; Currie, Phillip J.; Loewen, Mark A. (2014). "A New chasmosaurine from northern Laramidia expands frill disparity in ceratopsid dinosaurs". Naturwissenschaften. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1183-1
- ^ Fowler, Denver Warwick (2017-11-22). "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188426. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288426F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5699823. PMID 29166406.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Currie, Philip J. (1994-03-31). "Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (1): 74–80. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011539. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 186.
- ^ Larson, D. W.; Currie, P. J. (2013). "Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time". In Evans, Alistair Robert. PLoS ONE 8: e54329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054329. edit
- ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
- ^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 114.
- ^ a b Scherer, Charlie Roger; Voiculescu-Holvad, Christian (November 28, 2023). "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within Tyrannosaurus-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)". Cretaceous Research (In press): 105780. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105780. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ a b Carr, Thomas D. (2018). "Significant geographic range extension for the sympatric tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus libratus and Daspletosaurus torosus from the Judith River Formation (Late Campanian) of northern Montana" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (Supplement 1): 102.
- ^ Maltese, Anthony E. "DIFFICULT EXCAVATION AND PREPARATION OF A LARGE DASPLETOSAURUS SPECIMEN." Methods in Preparation: 63.
- ^ Stein, Walter W., and Michael Triebold. "Preliminary Analysis of a Sub-adult Tyrannosaurid Skeleton from the Judith River Formation of Petroleum County, Montana." Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (2013): 55-77.
- ^ Warshaw, Elías A.; Fowler, Denver W. (2022). "A transitional species of Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 from the Judith River Formation of eastern Montana". PeerJ. 10. e14461. doi:10.7717/peerj.14461. PMC 9703990. PMID 36452080.
- ^ Fox, R.C. (1974). "A middle Campanian, nonmarine occurrence of the Cretaceous toothed bird Hesperornis Marsh." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 11: 1335-1338.
- ^ "Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.
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