The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2022, 21 lander missions and 8 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 21 landers, the Curiosity rover, Perseverance rover, and Tianwen-1 are currently in operation on Mars.
Mars landers
List of Mars landers S.No | Landers | Launch date | Landing date | Mass (kg)[1] | Landing site | Region | Status | Country | MOLA | Entry velocity | References |
1. | Mars 2MV-3 No.1 | 04 Nov 1962 | 25 Nov 1962 | 890 | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [2] |
2. | Mars 2 | 19 May 1971 | 27 Nov 1971 | 1210 | 45°S 47°E♦ | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [3][4] |
3. | Mars 3 | 28 May 1971 | 02 Dec 1971 | 1210 | 45°S 202°E♦ | Sirenum Terra | Partial success | Soviet Union | - | 5.7 km/sec | [5][4] |
4. | Mars 6 | 05 Aug 1973 | 12 Mar 1974 | 635 | 23.90°S 19.4°W | Margaritifer Terra | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [6][4] |
5. | Mars 7 | 09 Aug 1973 | - | 635 | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [7][4] |
6. | Viking 1 | 20 Aug 1975 | 20 Jul 1976 | 572 | 22.27°N 47.95°W | Chryse Planitia | Success | USA | -3.5 | 4.61 km/sec | [8] |
7. | Viking 2 | 09 Sep 1975 | 03 Sep 1976 | 572 | 47.64°N 225.71°W | Utopia Planitia | Success | USA | -3.5 | 4.61 km/sec | [9] |
8. | Phobos 1§ | 07 Jul 1988 | - | 2600† | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [10] |
9. | Phobos 2§ | 12 Jul 1987 | - | 2600† | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [10] |
10. | Mars 96 | 16 Nov 1996 | - | 3159 | - | - | Failure | Russia | - | - | [11] |
11. | Mars Pathfinder | 04 Dec 1996 | 04 Jul 1997 | 361 | 19°7′48″ N 33°18′12″W | Ares Vallis | Success | USA | -2.5 | 7.26 km/sec | [12][13] |
12. | Mars Polar Lander | 03 Jan 1999 | 03 Dec 1999 | 583 | 76°S 195°W | Ultimi Scopuli | Failure | USA | -3.0 | 6.91 km/sec | [14][15] |
13. | Beagle 2 | 02 Jun 2003 | 25 Dec 2003 | 33.2 | 11.5265°N 90.4295°E | Isidis Planitia | Failure | United Kingdom | - | 5.63 km/sec | [16][17] |
14. | Spirit rover | 10 Jun 2003 | 4 Jan 2004 | 174 | 14.5684°S 175.4726°E | Gusev Crater | Success | USA | -1.9 | 5.4 km/sec | [18][19][20] |
15. | Opportunity rover | 07 Jul 2003 | 25 Jan 2004 | 174 | 1.9462°S 354.4743°E | Meridiani Planum | Success | USA | -1.4 | 5.5 km/sec | [18][21][20] |
16. | Phoenix lander | 04 Aug 2007 | 25 May 2008 | 350 | 68.22°N 125.7°W | Vastitas Borealis | Success | USA | -3.5 | 5.59 km/sec | [12] |
17. | Curiosity rover | 26 Nov 2011 | 6 Aug 2012 | 899 | 4.5895°S 137.4417°E | Gale Crater | Operational | USA | 2.0 | 5.6 km/sec | [22][23][20] |
18. | Schiaparelli EDM | 14 Mar 2016 | 19 Oct 2016 | 577 | 2.052°S 6.208°W | Meridiani Planum | Failure | ESA/ Russia | 1.45 | 5.83 km/sec | [24] |
19. | InSight Mars Lander | 5 May 2018 | 26 Nov 2018 | 727 | 4.5°N 135.9°E | Elysium Planitia | Success | USA | -2.5 | 6.3 km/sec | [25] |
20. | Perseverance rover | 30 Jul 2020 | 18 Feb 2021 | 1,025 | 18.4447°N 77.4508°E | Jezero crater | Operational | USA | - | - | [26] |
21. | Tianwen-1 | 23 July 2020 | 14 May 2021 | 240 | 25.1°N, 109.7°E | Utopia Planitia | Success | China | - | 4.8 km/sec | [27] |
§ - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated, MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
List of sub-landers onboard Mars landers S.No | Sub-Landers | Type | Lander Slot | Launch Date | Mass (kg) | Status | References |
1. | PrOP-M | Rover | Mars 2 | 19 May 1971 | 4.5 | Failure | [3][4] |
2. | PrOP-M | Rover | Mars 3 | 28 May 1971 | 4.5 | Not deployed | [4][5] |
3. | Mars 96 | Penetrator | Mars 96 | 16 Nov 1996 | 88 | Failure | [11] |
4. | Deep Space 2 | Penetrator | Mars Polar Lander | 03 Jan 1999 | 2.4 | Failure | [14][15] |
5. | Sojourner | Rover | Mars Pathfinder | 04 Dec 1996 | 11.5 | Success | [12][13] |
6. | Mars helicopter Ingenuity | UAV Helicopter | Mars 2020 Perseverance rover | 30 Jul 2021 | 1.8 | Success | |
7. | Zhurong | Rover | Tianwen-1 | 23 Jul 2021 | 240 | Success | |
8. | Tianwen-1 Remote camera | Camera | Zhurong rover | 1 June 2021 | <1 | Success | |
Future proposed Mars lander missions
List of future proposed Mars lander missions Lander | Proposed Launch | Country | Agency | Type | Sub-Lander | References |
Mars MetNet Precursor | ? | Finland | FMI | Impact Lander | - | [28] |
Mars MetNet | ? | Finland | FMI | Multi-lander | - | [29] |
Mars Lander | 2045 | South Korea | KARI | Lander | - | [30] |
Icebreaker | 2026 | US | NASA | Lander | - | [31] |
Martian Moons Exploration | 2026 | Japan | JAXA | Lander | Sample Return | [32] |
Phootprint | 2024 | Europe | ESA | Lander | Ascent Stage | [33] |
Fobos-Grunt (Repeat) | 2024 | Russia | ROSCOSMOS | Lander | Ascent Stage | [34] |
Mars-Grunt | 2024 | Russia | ROSCOSMOS | Lander | - | [1] |
BOLD | 2020 | US | NASA | Impact Lander | 6-Impact Lander | [35] |
See also
References
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- ^ Biswal.m, Malaya Kumar; Annavarapu, Ramesh Naidu (2019). Comparative EDL Summary of Mars Landers (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13568.07682.
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- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ a b "Phobos Project Information". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
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- ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ Lindstrand, Per (2003). "Parachute Subsystems for the Beagle 2 Mars Lander Entry Descent and Landing Systems". 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2003-1902. ISBN 978-1-62410-100-7.
- ^ Linkin, V.; et al. (1998-06-01). "A sophisticated lander for scientific exploration of Mars: scientific objectives and implementation of the Mars-96 Small Station". Planetary and Space Science. 46 (6–7): 717–737. Bibcode:1998P&SS...46..717L. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00008-7. PMID 11541818.
- ^ a b mars.nasa.gov. "Newsroom". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ "GeoHack - Spirit rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ a b c Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (gatech.edu)
- ^ "GeoHack - Opportunity rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Summary | Rover". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ mars.nasa.gov. "News". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ Greicius, Tony (2015-02-23). "InSight Mars Lander | Missions". NASA. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Mission Overview". NASA Mars. NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ @sklplanets (May 15, 2021). "Succesful [sic] landing of #Tianwen1, on #Mars! Landing point: 109.7 E, 25.1 N, less than 40 km from target location in Utopia Planitia. More details expected later!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-05-15 – via Twitter.
- ^ Harri, A.-M.; et al. (2008). "MMPM - Mars MetNet Precursor Mission". European Planetary Science Congress 2008, Proceedings of the conference held 21-25 September, 2008 in Münster, Germany. p. 361. Bibcode:2008epsc.conf..361H.
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