List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PresMedalFreedom.jpg/220px-PresMedalFreedom.jpg)
This is a partial list of recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, listed chronologically within the aspect of life in which each recipient is or was renowned.
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is awarded by the president of the United States to “any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative."[1] Before 1970, honorees were either selected by the president or recommended to them by the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board.[2]
Background
Typically the medal is bestowed upon the recipient by the sitting president who has chosen them. However, the first recipients selected by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination were formally awarded by his successor in office, Lyndon B. Johnson.[3]
President Barack Obama awarded 118 medals, the most of any president, followed by President Bill Clinton with 89 medal recipients.[4] Two people, Ellsworth Bunker and Colin Powell, are two-time recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Colin Powell received his second award with Distinction,[5] while Ellsworth Bunker was given both of his awards with Distinction.
Eight Presidents have themselves received the medal either posthumously, post-presidency, or prior to being elected:
- John F. Kennedy (1963, posthumously)
- Lyndon B. Johnson (1980, posthumously)
- Ronald Reagan (1993, with Distinction)
- Gerald Ford (1999)
- Jimmy Carter (1999)
- George H.W. Bush (2011)
- Bill Clinton (2013)
- Joe Biden (2017, as Vice President; also awarded with Distinction)
In 2015, President Barack Obama stated that there was no precedent to revoke a Presidential Medal of Freedom, regarding the award given to stand-up comedian and actor Bill Cosby.[6] After being awarded the medal, Cosby was convicted of multiple counts of sexual assault, though the convictions were later overturned.[7]
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is related to, but distinct from, the Medal of Freedom, an earlier award issued between 1945 and 1963 to honor US civilian contributions to World War II.
At the age of 25, athlete and activist Simone Biles is the youngest person to receive this award as of 2022.[8]
Declinations of the award
Bill Belichick, coach of the New England Patriots, was offered the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Donald Trump, and initially accepted it, but changed his mind and turned down the medal after the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[9]
Country musician Dolly Parton turned down the medal twice from Donald Trump. Parton said she turned it down the first time because her husband was ill, and the second time because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[10]
List
- † – Awarded posthumously
- WD – Awarded "with Distinction"
Awarded by John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy selected 31 recipients to be awarded in 1963. After his assassination they were officially awarded by Lyndon B. Johnson.
Awarded by Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson awarded 58 medals between 1963 and 1969, excluding 31 which were selected by John F. Kennedy.
Awarded by Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon awarded 28 medals between 1969 and 1974.
Awarded by Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford awarded 28 medals between 1974 and 1977.
Awarded by Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter awarded 34 medals between 1977 and 1981.
Awarded by Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan awarded 86 medals between 1981 and 1989.
Awarded by George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush awarded 38 medals between 1989 and 1993.
Awarded by Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton awarded 89 medals between 1993 and 2001.
Awarded by George W. Bush
George W. Bush awarded 82 medals between 2001 and 2009.
Awarded by Barack Obama
Barack Obama awarded 118 medals between 2009 and 2017.
Recipient | Year | Notes | Notable as | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nancy Brinker | 2009 | Founder of the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation | [61] | |
Joe Medicine Crow | War Chief of the Crow Nation | [62] | ||
Pedro José Greer | Physician & Founding Dean for the Roseman University Health Sciences College of Medicine | [62] | ||
Stephen Hawking | Theoretical Physicist | [62] | ||
Jack Kemp | † | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York | [62] | |
Ted Kennedy | United States Senator from Massachusetts | [62] | ||
Billie Jean King | Professional Tennis Player | [62] | ||
Joseph Lowery | Co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference | [62] | ||
Harvey Milk | † | Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors & Gay Rights Activist | [62] | |
Sandra Day O'Connor | Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court | [63] | ||
Sidney Poitier | Actor & First African-American & Bahamian to Win an Academy Award | [50] | ||
Chita Rivera | Actress, Singer & Dancer | [62] | ||
Mary Robinson | 7th President of Ireland | [62] | ||
Janet Rowley | Geneticist & First Scientist to Identify a Chromosomal Translocation as the Cause of Leukemia and other Cancers. | [62] | ||
Desmond Tutu | Anglican Bishop, Theologian & Human Rights Activist | [62] | ||
Muhammad Yunus | Founder of Grameen Bank | |||
John H. Adams | 2011 | Founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council | [64] | |
Maya Angelou | Poet & Civil Rights Activist | [64] | ||
Warren Buffett | Philanthropist & CEO of Berkshire Hathaway | [64] | ||
George H. W. Bush | 41st President of the United States | [64] | ||
Robert Gates | 22nd United States Secretary of Defense | [65] | ||
Jasper Johns | Abstract Expressionist Painter & Printmaker | [64] | ||
John Lewis | Civil Rights Activist & Member of the U.S. House of Representatives | [64] | ||
Tom Little | † | Optometrist & Leader of an International Assistance Mission killed during the 2010 Badakhshan Massacre | [64] | |
Yo-Yo Ma | Cellist & United Nations Messenger of Peace | [64] | ||
Sylvia Mendez | Civil Rights Activist | [64] | ||
Angela Merkel | Chancellor of Germany | [64] | ||
Stan Musial | Professional Baseball Player | [64] | ||
Bill Russell | Professional Basketball Player | [64] | ||
Jean Kennedy Smith | United States Ambassador to Ireland | [64] | ||
John J. Sweeney | President of AFL-CIO & Labor Leader | [64] | ||
Gerda Weissmann Klein | Author, Human Rights Activist & Holocaust Educator | [64] | ||
Madeleine Albright | 2012 | 64th United States Secretary of State | [66] | |
Bob Dylan | Singer-Songwriter | [66] | ||
William Foege | 10th Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | [66] | ||
John Glenn | Astronaut and United States Senator from Ohio | [66] | ||
Juliette Gordon Low | † | Founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA | [66] | |
Gordon Hirabayashi | † | Sociologist, Civil Rights Activist & Plaintiff in Hirabayashi v. United States | [66] | |
Dolores Huerta | Labor Leader & Co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association | [66] | ||
Jan Karski | † | Resistance-Fighter during WWII & Diplomat | [66] | |
Toni Morrison | Novelist & Civil Rights Activist | [66] | ||
Shimon Peres | 9th President of Israel | [66] | ||
John Paul Stevens | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | [66] | ||
Pat Summitt | Women's College Basketball Head Coach | [66] | ||
Patricia Wald | Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | [66] | ||
Ernie Banks | 2013 | Professional Baseball Player | [67] | |
Ben Bradlee | Executive Editor of The Washington Post | [68] | ||
Bill Clinton | 42nd President of the United States | [68] | ||
John Doar | Lawyer & Lead Special Counsel for the U.S. House Judiciary Committee's Impeachment Inquiry Staff during the Impeachment Process Against Richard Nixon | [68] | ||
Daniel Inouye | † | United States Senator from Hawaii | [68] | |
Daniel Kahneman | Psychologist & Economist | [68] | ||
Richard Lugar | United States Senator from Indiana | [68] | ||
Loretta Lynn | Singer-Songwriter | [68] | ||
Mario J. Molina | Chemist who discovered the Antarctic Ozone Hole | [68] | ||
Sally Ride | † | Astronaut & Physicist | [69] | |
Bayard Rustin | † | Human Rights Activist | [68] | |
Arturo Sandoval | Jazz Trumpeter, Pianist & Composer | [68] | ||
Dean Smith | Men's College Basketball Head Coach | [68] | ||
Gloria Steinem | Journalist & Social Political Activist | [68] | ||
C. T. Vivian | Minister & Civil Rights Activist | [68] | ||
Oprah Winfrey | Talk Show Host, Actress & Philanthropist | [68] | ||
Alvin Ailey | 2014 | † | Dancer & Founder of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater | [70] |
Isabel Allende | Author | [70] | ||
Tom Brokaw | Network Television Journalist | [70] | ||
James Chaney | † | Civil Rights Activist | [70] | |
John Dingell | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives | |||
Mildred Dresselhaus | Nanotechnologist & Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology | |||
Andrew Goodman | † | Civil Rights Activist | [70] | |
Ethel Kennedy | Human Rights Activist & Founder of the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights | [70] | ||
Abner Mikva | Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | |||
Patsy Mink | † | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives | ||
Edward Roybal | † | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives | ||
Michael Schwerner | † | Civil Rights Activist | [70] | |
Suzan Shown Harjo | President of the National Council of American Indians | [70] | ||
Charlie Sifford | Professional Golfer & the First African-American to play on the PGA Tour | [70] | ||
Robert Solow | Economist & Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology | [71] | ||
Meryl Streep | Actress | [70] | ||
Marlo Thomas | Actress, Producer & Social Activist | [70] | ||
Stevie Wonder | Singer-Songwriter | [70] | ||
Steven Spielberg | 2015 | Director, Producer & Screenwriter | [72] | |
Emilio Estefan | Musician & Producer | [72] | ||
Gloria Estefan | Singer & Actress | [72] | ||
Itzhak Perlman | Violinist & Conductor | [72] | ||
Stephen Sondheim | Composer & Lyricist of Musical Theater | [72] | ||
Barbra Streisand | Singer & Actress | [72] | ||
James Taylor | Singer-Songwriter | [72] | ||
Minoru Yasui | † | Lawyer & Plaintiff in Yasui v. United States | [72] | |
Billy Frank Jr. | † | Environmental Leader & Treaty Rights Activist | [72] | |
Shirley Chisholm | † | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives & First African-American Woman Elected to Congress | [72] | |
Lee H. Hamilton | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives | [72] | ||
Barbara Mikulski | United States Senator from Maryland | [72] | ||
William Ruckelshaus | 1st & 5th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency | [72] | ||
Katherine Johnson | Mathematician whose calculations helped with the First successful U.S. Crewed Spaceflight | [72] | ||
Yogi Berra | † | Professional Baseball Player | [72] | |
Bonnie Carroll | Founder and President of the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors | [72] | ||
Willie Mays | Professional Baseball Player | [72] | ||
Frank Gehry | 2016 | Architect | [73] | |
Richard Garwin | Physicist & Author of the First Hydrogen Bomb Design | [73] | ||
Maya Lin | Designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C. | [73] | ||
Robert Redford | Actor & Filmmaker | [73] | ||
Robert De Niro | Actor & Producer | [73] | ||
Tom Hanks | Actor | [73] | ||
Cicely Tyson | Actress | [73] | ||
Diana Ross | Singer & Actress | [73] | ||
Bruce Springsteen | Singer-Songwriter | [74] | ||
Grace Hopper | † | Computer Scientist & Developer of the FLOW-MATIC programming language | [73] | |
Margaret Hamilton | Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory | [73] | ||
Eduardo J. Padrón | President of Miami Dade College | [73] | ||
Newton N. Minow | Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission | [73] | ||
Lorne Michaels | Comedian & Film and Television Producer | [73] | ||
Ellen DeGeneres | Comedian, Television Host & Gay Rights Activist | [73] | ||
Bill Gates | Philanthropist & Co-founder of Microsoft | [73] | ||
Melinda French Gates | Philanthropist & Co-founder of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | [73] | ||
Elouise P. Cobell | † | Tribal Elder, Activist & Lead Plaintiff in Cobell v. Salazar | [73] | |
Vin Scully | Sportscaster | [73] | ||
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar | Basketball Player | [73] | ||
Michael Jordan | Olympic Basketball Player | [73] | ||
Joe Biden | 2017 | WD | 47th Vice President of the United States | [75][76] |
Awarded by Donald Trump
Donald Trump awarded 24 medals between 2017 and 2021.
Recipient | Year | Notes | Notable as | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Miriam Adelson | 2018 | Physician and philanthropist | [77] | |
Orrin Hatch | United States Senator from Utah | [77] | ||
Alan Page | Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court and football player | [77] | ||
Elvis Presley | † | Singer and actor known as the "King of Rock and Roll" | [77] | |
Babe Ruth | † | Professional baseball player | [77] | |
Antonin Scalia | † | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | [77] | |
Roger Staubach | Professional football player | [77] | ||
Bob Cousy | 2019 | Professional basketball player | [78] | |
Arthur Laffer | Economist, best known for the Laffer curve | [79] | ||
Edwin Meese | 75th United States Attorney General | [80] | ||
Roger Penske | Professional auto racing team owner, driver, and businessman | [81] | ||
Mariano Rivera | Professional baseball player | [82] | ||
Jerry West | Basketball executive and Olympic professional basketball player | [83] | ||
Tiger Woods | Professional golfer | [84] | ||
Dan Gable | 2020 | Olympic wrestler | [85] | |
Lou Holtz | University football coach | [86] | ||
Jack Keane | Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army | [87] | ||
Rush Limbaugh | [b] | Political commentator | [89] | |
Jim Ryun | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Olympic athlete | [90] | ||
Babe Didrikson Zaharias | 2021 | † | Olympic athlete | [91] |
Devin Nunes | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California | [92] | ||
Jim Jordan | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio | [93] | ||
Gary Player | Professional golfer | [91] | ||
Annika Sörenstam | Professional golfer | [91] |
Awarded by Joe Biden
Joe Biden has awarded 38 medals since 2022.
Notes
- ^ Lehman died the day before the ceremony.[14]
- ^ Awarded during 2020 State of the Union Address.[88]
Bibliography
- Wetterau, Bruce (1996). The Presidential Medal of Freedom: Winners and Their Achievements. Congressional Quarterly. p. 513. ISBN 978-1-56802-128-7. – contains a list of awardees from 1963 to approximately 1995
References
- ^ "Executive Order 11515—Terminating Certain Bodies Established by the President | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ Executive Order 11085 The Presidential Medal of Freedom, retrieved July 30, 2009 Archived May 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f Woolley, John T; Peters, Gerhard. "Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ Leubsdorf, Ben (May 3, 2024). Presidential Medal of Freedom (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 5. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ a b Clinton, W. J. (September 30, 1993). "Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia". University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ^ "Obama asked if Bill Cosby's Medal of Freedom will be revoked". PBS NewsHour. July 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.
- ^ "Bill Cosby's sex assault conviction overturned by court". CTV News. The Associated Press. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ Kindelan, Katie. "Simone Biles awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom". Good Morning America. Archived from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
- ^ Ruiz-Grossman, Sarah (January 11, 2021). "New England Patriots Coach Bill Belichick Refuses Medal Of Freedom". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin (February 2, 2021). "Dolly Parton turned down presidential medal of freedom twice from Trump". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Marian Anderson (1897–1993)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received December 6, 1963
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Distinguished Cellists in the White House". WHHA (en-US). Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ "Clarence B. Randall, 76, Dies". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 1967. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Annie Wauneka (1910–1997)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received December 6, 1963
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. December 6, 1963. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
- ^ "30 Receive Freedom Medal at the White House". www.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ a b c Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Lyndon B. Johnson, XXXVI President of the United States: 1963–1969, Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards, March 26, 1964". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1968, James Webb". March 14, 2016. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ "Public Service – Bob Hope and American Variety | Exhibitions (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. May 10, 2000. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ a b Muhlberg, Judy (June 14, 1976). "Medal of Freedom" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ a b "Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts". The American Presidency Project. August 13, 1969. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Nixon, Richard (April 22, 1970). "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Eight Journalists". Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c "3 Astronauts get Heroes' Welcome to Hawaii". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Associated Press. April 19, 1970. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Nixon, Richard (April 18, 1970). Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team in Houston (Speech). Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas: The American Presidency Project.
- ^ M, Nixon, Richard (January 1, 1975). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1974. Best Books on. ISBN 978-1-62376-923-9. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Gerald R. Ford, XXXVIII President of the United States: 1974–1977, Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Martha Graham, October 14, 1976". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ Koren, Marina (September 29, 2016). "White House Finally Honors the African-American Athletes of the 1936 Olympics". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nordlinger, Jay (December 17, 2007). "Medals of Freedom". National Review. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wolley, John T.; Gerhard Peters (January 10, 1977). "Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the United States: 1974 - 1977, Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom". The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Biography". Lbjlib.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2011., for date of award see The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Lady Bird Johnson (1912–2007)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 10, 1977
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 10, 1977
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Dr. Margaret Mead (1901–1978)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 19, 1979
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wolley, John T.; Gerhard Peters (June 9, 1980). "Jimmy Carter, XXXIX President of the United States: 1977–1981, Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, June 9, 1980". The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ "About Horace M. Albright". UC Berkeley Rausser College of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wolley, John T.; Gerhard Peters (January 16, 1981). "Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, January 16, 1981". The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ "Reagan Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient List". www.reaganlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan: Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ "Frank Gehry and Maya Lin Awarded Obama's Presidential Medal of Freedom". ArchDaily. November 17, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Ronald Reagan, XL President of the United States: 1981–1989, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, March 26, 1984". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "White House Freedom Medal Set for Whittaker Chambers". The New York Times. February 22, 1984. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- ^ Sterling, Dorothy (March 9, 1984). "Whittaker Chambers: Odd Choice for the Medal of Freedom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "Ronald Reagan, XL President of the United States: 1981–1989, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, March 26, 1984". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Woolley, John T; Gerhard Peters. "George Bush, XLI President of the United States: 1989–1993, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medals of Freedom and Presidential Citizen's Medals, July 3, 1991". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Betty Ford (1918 – )...Presidential Medal of Freedom received November 18, 1991
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Curriculum Vitae of I. M. Pei". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Remarks on presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to President Ronald Reagan-President George Bush-Transcript". The White House: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. January 18, 1993. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Secretary of the Senate, United States Congress. "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". Official Website of the United States Senate. United States Senate (Government of the United States). Archived from the original on July 14, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Chief,Wilma Mankiller (1945–2010)...Presidential Medal of Freedom received January 15, 1998
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ The National First Ladies Library (November 16, 2010). Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (PDF). Canton Ohio. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Marian Wright Edelman (1939 – )...Presidential Medal of Freedom received August 9, 2000
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ McFeatters, Ann (July 10, 2002). "Fred Rogers gets Presidential Medal of Freedom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. www.post-gazette.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ "President Honors 2003 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via National Archives.
- ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (November 10, 2005). "At the White House, Prizes for 14 Champs,Medal of Freedom Ceremony Shows Ali as Fast as Ever". The Washington Post. washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ "Net pioneers receive top honour". BBC News. www.bbc.com. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020 – via National Archives.
- ^ a b c d e f "President Bush Honors Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020 – via National Archives.
- ^ Mayer, Catherine (January 13, 2009). "A Presidential Medal for Tony Blair". Time. www.time.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ "President Bush Commemorates Foreign Policy Achievements and Presents Medal of Freedom to Ambassador Ryan Crocker". whitehouse.gov. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009 – via National Archives.
- ^ "The Presidential Medal of Freedom". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017 – via National Archives.
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Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (1930 – )...Presidential Medal of Freedom received August 12, 2009
{{cite book}}
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Medal of Freedom, Official site for the Medal of Freedom for the Obama administration
- Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1963–2002 (chronological by president, pp. 5–21, alphabetical pp. 24–4), Congressional Research Service via the Federation of American Scientists
- Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1993–2009, United States Senate
- Politicians Who Received the Medal of Freedom, The Political Graveyard