List of battles by casualties
The following is a list of the casualties count in battles or offensives in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related or civilian deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles.
Large battle casualty counts are usually impossible to calculate precisely, but few in this list may include somewhat precise numbers. Many of these figures, though, are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers for all types of casualties when available (killed, wounded, missing, and sick) but may only include number killed due to a lack of total data on the event. Where possible, the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count.
This list does not include bombing campaigns/runs (such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the bombing of Tokyo) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanjing, which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles", since they are usually one-sided engagements or the nation attacked is not officially at war with the attackers. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles, small campaigns or offensives.
For natural disasters, see List of natural disasters by death toll.
Sieges and urban combat
This list includes sieges, as well as modern battles fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below. It is sorted by year.
Siege | Year | Conflict | Casualties | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(High est.) | (Low est.) | |||
Siege of Tyre | 332 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | 39,000 (including 13,000 enslaved civilians and 2,000 executed Persian soldiers) | 34,000 |
Siege of Gaza | 332 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | 14,000 | 11,000 |
Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC) | 213-212 BC | Second Punic War | 40,000 (including Archimedes) | 9,000 |
Siege of Carthage | 149-146 BC | Third Punic War | 450,000 (including 50,000 civilians enslaved) | 200,000 |
Siege of Athens and Piraeus | 87–86 BC | Mithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War) | 400,000 (including prisoners) | 200,000[1] |
Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) | 63 BC | Mithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War) | 12,000+ | 5,000 |
Siege of Alesia | 52 BC | Gallic Wars | 200,000 | 100,000 |
Siege of Constantinople | 626 | Sasanian–Byzantine wars | 95,000 | 70,000 |
Siege of Constantinople | 717–718 | Arab–Byzantine wars | 170,000 | 130,000[2] |
Siege of Chandax | 960-961 | Arab–Byzantine wars | 74,000 | 50,000 |
Siege of Yongzhou | 1076 | Lý-Song War | 140,000[3] | 78,000[4] |
Siege of Nicaea | 1097 | First Crusade | 11,000 | 4,000 |
Siege of Ma'arra | 1098 | First Crusade | 45,000 (including civilians and soldiers executed and cannibalized) | 25,000 |
Siege of Antioch | 1097-1099 | First Crusade | 74,000 | 50,000 |
Siege of Jerusalem | 1099 | First Crusade | 90,000 | 70,000 |
Siege of Tripoli | 1099-1102 | First Crusade | 90,000 | 105,000 |
Siege of Bukhara | 1220 | Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire | 30,000 | 15,000 |
Siege of Gurganj | 1221 | Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire | 1,200,000 | 90,000 |
Siege of Baghdad | 1258 | Mongol invasions and conquests | 2,000,000[5] | 90,000[6][7] |
Siege of Acre | 1291 | Fall of Outremer | 20,000 | 10,000 |
Siege of Caffa | 1345-1347 | Genoese–Mongol Wars | 60,000 | 15,000 |
Siege of Golubac | 1428 | Ottoman–Hungarian wars | 20,000 | 10,000 |
Siege of Constantinople | 1453 | Byzantine–Ottoman wars | 54,000+ | 34,000+ |
Siege of Vijaya | 1471 | Champa–Đại Việt War (1471) | 300,000+ | 130,000+ |
Siege of Tenochtitlan | 1521 | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | 240,000 | 100,000[8][9] |
Siege of Szigetvár | 1566 | Ottoman wars in Europe | 33,000 | 23,000 |
Siege of Chittorgarh | 1567–1568 | Mughal-Rajput Wars (1558–1576) | 40,000 | 35,000 |
Siege of Ulsan | 1598 | Imjin War | 30,000 | 13,000 |
Siege of Nagykanizsa | 1601 | Long Turkish War | 37,000 | 25,000 |
Siege of Ostend | 1601–1604 | Eighty Years' War | 115,000 | 90,000 |
Siege of Osaka | 1614-1615 | Edo Period | 500,000 | 110,000 |
Siege of La Rochelle | 1627-1628 | Huguenot rebellions | 35,000 | 27,000 |
Capture of Maastricht | 1632 | Eighty Years' War | 14,000 | 9,500 |
Siege of Candia | 1648–1669 | Cretan War | 149,739 | 149,739 |
First siege of Anandpur | 1700 | Hill States-Sikh Wars | 150,000+ | 150,000+ |
Siege of Toulon | 1793 | War of the First Coalition | 21,400 | 7,400 |
Siege of Mantua | 1796–1797 | War of the First Coalition | 51,000 | 51,000 |
Siege of Genoa | 1800 | War of the Second Coalition | 28,000 | 28,000 |
Siege of Danzig | 1807 | War of the Fourth Coalition | 17,900 | 17,900 |
Second Siege of Zaragoza | 1808–1809 | Peninsular War | 64,000[10] | 64,000 |
First Siege of Sevastopol | 1854–1855 | Crimean War | 230,000[11] | 230,000 |
Third Battle of Nanking | 1864 | Taiping Rebellion | 100,000[12] | 100,000 |
Siege of Petersburg | 1864–1865 | American Civil War | 70,000[13] | 70,000 |
Siege of Vicksburg | 1863 | American Civil War | 36,000 | 20,000 |
Battle of Gettysburg | 1863 | American Civil War | 50,000 | 50,000 |
Siege of Paris | 1871 | Franco-Prussian War | 332,142 | 229,000 |
Siege of Plevna | 1877 | Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) | 75,000[14] | 75,000 |
Siege of Port Arthur | 1904–1905 | Russo-Japanese War | 100,000[15] | 100,000 |
Siege of Adrianople | 1912–1913 | First Balkan War | 93,282[16] | 93,282 |
Siege of Liege | 1914 | World War I | 25,300 | 6,000 |
Siege of Przemyśl | 1914 | World War I | 253,000 | 253,000 |
Siege of Maubeuge | 1914 | World War I | 94,000 | 51,000 |
Siege of Antwerp | 1914 | World War I | 58,000 | 36,000 |
Siege of Kut | 1915-1916 | World War I | 50,000 | 36,000 |
Battle of Taiyuan | 1937 | World War II | 130,000[17] | 130,000 |
Battle of Xinkou | 1937 | World War II | 200,000[citation needed] | 200,000 |
Battle of Shanghai | 1937 | World War II | 426,140[18] | 363,700[19] |
First Battle of Changsha | 1939 | World War II | 80,000+ | 80,000+[20] |
Battle of Nanchang | 1939 | World War II | 75,328[21] | 75,328 |
Battle of Dunkirk | 1940 | World War II | 88,000[22] | 88,000 |
Battle of South Shanxi | 1941 | World War II | 120,000+ | 120,000+[23] |
Siege of Tobruk | 1941 | World War II | 18,600 | 16,500 |
Siege of Odessa | 1941 | World War II | 133,813[24] | 133,813 |
Battle of Kiev | 1941 | World War II | 761,783[24] | 761,783 |
Second Siege of Sevastopol | 1941–1942 | World War II | 236,437 | 236,437 |
Third Battle of Changsha | 1942 | World War II | 84,862[25] | 84,862 |
First Battle of Voronezh | 1942 | World War II | 662,847 | 662,847 |
Battle of Stalingrad | 1942–1943 | World War II | 4,172,000[26][27] | 1,250,000[28] |
Battle of Changde | 1943 | World War II | 100,000 | 100,000[29] |
Battle of West Hubei | 1943 | World War II | 115,830 | 115,830[30] |
Siege of Leningrad | 1941–1944 | World War II | 5,500,000[31] | 1,117,000[32][33] |
Warsaw Uprising | 1944 | World War II | 200,000+ | 200,000+[34] |
Siege of Budapest | 1944–1945 | World War II | 422,000 | 422,000[35] |
Battle of Berlin | 1945 | World War II | 1,286,367 (including civilians)[citation needed] | 1,286,367 (including civilians) |
Battle of Okinawa | 1945 | World War II | 240,000 | 130,000 |
Battle of Manila | 1945 | World War II | 500,000[36][37] | 100,000[38][39] |
Battle of the Bulge | 1944–1945 | World War II | 218,900 | 161,370[40] |
Siege of Changchun | 1948[41] | Chinese Civil War | 425,000[42] | 78,808[43][44][45] |
Siege of Basra | 1987 | Iran–Iraq War | 85,000 | 85,000 |
First Battle of Grozny | 1994–1995 | First Chechen War | 33,192 | 32,000 |
Battle of Aleppo | 2012–2016 | Syrian Civil War | 45,000[46] | 31,273[47] |
Battle of Mosul | 2016–2017 | War in Iraq (2013–2017) | 71,355[48][49][50] | 18,200[51] |
Siege of Mariupol | 2022 | Russian Invasion of Ukraine | 85,200[52][53][54] | 8,034[55][56][57][53] |
Battle of Bakhmut | 2022–2023 | Russian Invasion of Ukraine | 165,600[58] | 146,050[58] |
Battle of Avdiivka | 2023–2024 | Russian Invasion of Ukraine | 54,000[59][60] | 21,000[60] |
Major operations
This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time. The durations of some operations, like the Battle of Moscow, are disputed; so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone.
Classical formation battles
These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. This type of battle died out in favor of larger military operations.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2018) |
Raids and sacks
Action | Year | Conflict | Casualties |
---|---|---|---|
Sack of Rome (455) | 455 | fall of the Western Roman Empire | 400,000+ |
Sack of Thessalonica (1185) | 1185 | third Norman invasion of the Balkans | 10,000+ |
Sack of Berwick (1296) | 1296 | First War of Scottish Independence | 17,000 |
Sack of Rome (1527) | 1527 | War of the League of Cognac | 48,000 |
Sack of Naples | 1544 | Ottoman–Habsburg wars | 50,000 |
Sack of Magdeburg | 1631 | Thirty Years' War | 26,900 |
Raid on the Medway | 1667 | Second Anglo-Dutch War | 650 |
Dieppe Raid | 1942 | World War II | 6,860 |
Naval battles
See also
- Lists of death tolls
- Casualties of the Iraq War
- Deadliest single days of World War I
- List of wars by death toll
- United States military casualties of war – Military personnel casualties of the United States
- List of terrorist incidents
- List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to warPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Lists of battles
- List of invasions – List of military invasions
Notes
References
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- ^ a b Grant, p. 74
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- ^ Al-Hassan, A. Y. (2001), The Different aspects of Islamic culture, v. 4: Science and technology in Islam, p. 655, ISBN 92-3-103831-1, retrieved 25 July 2020
- ^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger. p. 111. ISBN 978-0275968922.
- ^ Gearon, Eamonn (9 February 2017). "The Mongol Sack of Baghdad in 1258". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Mann, p. 143
- ^ Hassig
- ^ a b Grant, p. 230
- ^ John Sweetman, Crimean War, Essential Histories 2, Osprey Publishing, 2001,
- ^ Third Battle of Nanking, p. 678
- ^ a b Grant, p. 231
- ^ Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 220
- ^ Grant, p. 252
- ^ a b Hall, p. 112
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- ^ Lai, Benjamin (2017). Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze. Osprey Publishing. pp. 87–88.
- ^ "First Battle of Changsha". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
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- ^ a b Glantz (1995), p. 293
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- ^ Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. ISBN 978-5-9950-0269-7.
- ^ Соколов, Борис (2014). Чудо Сталинграда [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236.
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- ^ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 178–180
- ^ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46–47
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- ^ Grant, p. 318
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- ^ Bandarin, Francesco (20 September 2022). "The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City". Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
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- ^ Cockburn, Patrick (19 July 2017). "True civilian death toll in Mosul feared to be 40,000 - eight times higher than previous estimates". The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "25,000 Daesh killed in Mosul liberation operations". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ John Spencer; Jayson Geroux (15 September 2021). "Urban Warfare Project Case Study #2: Battle of Mosul". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ "Russia Says All Urban Areas of Mariupol Cleared of Ukrainian Forces". VOA. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
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- ^ S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Up to 75,000 Ukrainian civilians killed in Mariupol: report". tvpworld.com (in Polish). Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, “Our City Was Gone” Russia’s Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city’s cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks."
- ^ "UN says more than 1,300 civilians killed in Mariupol — but true toll "likely thousands higher"". Egypt Independent. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "Russia says 3,000 civilians killed in Mariupol, blames Ukraine". anews. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ a b Merkx, Gilbert W. (2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine: Two Decisive Factors". Journal of Advanced Military Studies. 14 (2): 13–33. ISSN 2770-260X.
- ^ Kilner, James (18 February 2024). "Russia loses 17,000 troops taking Avdiivka in first major breakthrough since May". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ a b Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (27 February 2024). "In Ukraine, Russia Is Inching Forward Death by Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
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- ^ a b Grant, p. 213
- ^ Brewer, p. 33
- ^ Brewer, p. 42
- ^ a b c Grant, p. 227
- ^ Brewer, p. 53
- ^ Grant, p. 253
- ^ Hall, p. 31
- ^ Hall, p. 36
- ^ Brewer, p. 99
- ^ Grant, p. 271
- ^ Brewer, p. 100
- ^ Grant, p. 272
- ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 235.
- ^ a b Allen W. E. D., Muratoff P. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press. 2011. P. 284
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brewer, p. 142
- ^ a b Grant, p. 273
- ^ Grant, p. 282
- ^ Spencer Tucker, "Encyclopedia of World War I"(2005) pg 1077, ISBN 1851094202
- ^ Grant, p. 276
- ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. p. 739. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
- ^ Grant, p. 279
- ^ Tucker, 810
- ^ Grant, p. 277
- ^ Brewer, p. 150
- ^ Grant, p. 280
- ^ Brewer, p. 151
- ^ Brewer, p. 152
- ^ a b Grant, p. 281
- ^ a b c Grant, p. 286
- ^ Grant, p. 292
- ^ Grant, p. 294
- ^ a b Grant, p. 295
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- ^ MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-25445-9.
- ^ 邓正兵, 邓红 (28 October 2014). "日本人眼中的武汉会战——《武汉会战日方资料丛编》评介". 江汉大学学报(社会科学版) (in Chinese). 31 (5): 90. ISSN 2095-9915.
- ^ Grant, p. 293
- ^ Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939. Leavenworth Papers №2. by Edward J. Rea" Combat Studies Institute, fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1981
- ^ a b Grant, p. 298
- ^ "Wojna obronna Polski 1939, czyli jak Polska przegrała kampanię wrześniową". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2 September 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
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- ^ (抗日战争)冬季攻势述评. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
- ^ Grant, p. 299
- ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 470. ISBN 978-0786474707.
- ^ Garber, John. Chinese–Soviet Relations, 1937–1945. p. 120.
- ^ Wagner, p. 474
- ^ Wagner, p. 479
- ^ Wagner, p. 480
- ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. pp. 820–821. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
- ^ Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1910777756, pp.127-128.
- ^ Grant, p. 306
- ^ Grant, p. 323
- ^ Wagner, p. 502
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- ^ a b Erickson, p. 90
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- ^ a b Grant, p. 302
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- ^ Wagner, p. 592
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- ^ McLynn. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. p. 1.
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- ^ Grant, p. 334
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- ^ Keaten, Jamey (24 February 2023). "The calculus of war: Tallying Ukraine toll an elusive task". AP News. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
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- ^ Grant, p. 17
- ^ Krentz, Peter, The Battle of Marathon (Yale Library of Military History), Yale Univ Press, (2010) p. 98
- ^ a b Grant, p. 23
- ^ Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.
- ^ Arrian 1.16.45 – 50
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- ^ a b Grant, p. 27
- ^ a b Grant, p. 37
- ^ Grant, p. 56
- ^ Sima Qian claimed over 450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle; all survivors were killed (buried alive) with the exceptions of 240 of the youngest soldiers who were released.
- ^ a b Grant, p. 39
- ^ Grant, p. 40
- ^ a b Grant, p. 41
- ^ a b Grant, p. 31
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