List of disasters in the United States by death toll
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This list of United States disasters by death toll includes disasters that occurred either in the United States, at diplomatic missions of the United States, or incidents outside of the United States in which a number of U.S. citizens were killed.
- Domestic deaths due to war in America are included except the American Civil War. For stats on this and U.S. military deaths in foreign locations, see United States military casualties of war and list of battles with most United States military fatalities.
- Due to inflation, the monetary damage estimates are not comparable. Unless otherwise noted, the year given is the year in which the currency's valuation was calculated.
Over 1,000,000 deaths
Fatalities | Year | Article | Type | Location | Damage (US$) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,131,819[1] | 2020 – 2023 | COVID-19 pandemic in the United States | Pandemic | Nationwide | see Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States | Fatalities estimated. Deadliest known disaster in United States history. |
Over 100,000 deaths
Fatalities | Year | Article | Type | Location | Damage (US$) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
700,000[2] | 1981 – present | HIV/AIDS in the United States | Pandemic | Nationwide | Fatalities estimated. Second-deadliest disaster in United States history. | |
675,000[3] | 1918 – 1920 | 1918 influenza pandemic | Pandemic | Nationwide | Fatalities estimated. Third-deadliest disaster in United States history. | |
116,000[4] | 1957 – 1958 | 1957–1958 influenza pandemic | Pandemic | Nationwide | Fatalities estimated. Fourth-deadliest disaster in United States history. | |
100,000[5] | 1968 | 1968 influenza pandemic | Pandemic | Nationwide | Fatalities estimated. Fifth-deadliest disaster in United States history. |
Over 400 deaths
Fatalities | Year | Article | Type | Location | Damage (US$) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6,000–12,000 | 1900 | 1900 Galveston hurricane | Hurricane | Texas | $34,000,000 (1900) | Fatalities estimated. The deadliest natural disaster in United States history. |
5,000 | 1936 | 1936 North American heat wave | Heat wave | United States, Canada | ||
4,000+ | 1862 | Great Flood of 1862 | Flood | Western United States | $100,000,000 (1862) | |
3,389 | 1899 | 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Puerto Rico, East Coast of the United States | $20,000,000 (1899) | |
3,000+ | 1906 | 1906 San Francisco earthquake | Earthquake and fire (urban conflagration) | San Francisco, California | $235,000,000 (1906) | Conflagration followed quake; fatalities estimated; also major casualties in Santa Rosa and San Jose. Deadliest earthquake in U.S. history. |
2,996 | 2001 | September 11 attacks | Terrorism | New York City, Arlington County, Virginia, and Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania | $10,000,000,000 (2001) | 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers. Deadliest in New York City and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. |
2,982 (estimated) | 2017 | Hurricane Maria | Tropical cyclone | Puerto Rico, United States Virgin Islands, East Coast of the United States | $94,500,000,000 (2017)[6] | Total includes at least 2,975 deaths based on a study by GWU on the estimated excess mortality.[7] The official death count was previously 64.[8] The storm caused $90 billion (2017 USD) in damage in Puerto Rico, and three deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands, plus 75 deaths and $1.6 billion in damage across the rest of the Caribbean. |
2,823 | 1928 | 1928 Okeechobee hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Florida, Puerto Rico | $800,000,000 (2005) | 4,000+ believed dead total. Includes 2,511+ in the contiguous United States, 312 in Puerto Rico. |
2,467 | 1941 | Attack on Pearl Harbor | Military strike – bombing | Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii and nearby military installations | 2,403 U.S. victims and 64 Japanese attackers. Deadliest attack on U.S. soil by a foreign government. | |
2,209 | 1889 | Johnstown Flood | Accident – dam failure | Pennsylvania | Much rain, deforestation; dam failed | |
2,000 | 1893 | 1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Louisiana | Fatalities estimated | |
1,700 | 1980 | 1980 United States heat wave | Heat wave | Central and southern states | $20,000,000,000 (1980 USD) | Official death toll, may have been higher |
1,500–2,500 | 1871 | Peshtigo Fire | Wildfire | Peshtigo, Wisconsin, Upper Peninsula of Michigan | Fatalities estimated; most deaths in one fire in U.S. history | |
1,500 | 1896 | 1896 Eastern North America heat wave | Heat wave | Northeastern United States, Midwestern United States | Fatalities estimated | |
1,392 | 2005 | Hurricane Katrina | Tropical cyclone | Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio | $125,000,000,000 (2005) | Tied with Hurricane Harvey as the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. |
1,173 | 1943 | HMT Rohna[9] | Military strike – bombing | Mediterranean Sea | Luftwaffe glide bomb hit troopship causing the largest loss of U.S. soldiers (1,050) at sea due to enemy action in a single incident. | |
1,167 | 1865 | Sultana | Accident – shipwreck | Marion, Arkansas | Steamboat sank due to boiler explosion; fatalities estimated. Deadliest maritime disaster in U.S. history | |
1,021 | 1904 | PS General Slocum | Accident – shipwreck | East River near New York City | Steamship sank due to fire on board. Deadliest maritime disaster in New York City, and deadliest in city's history until 2001. | |
1,000–2,000 | 1893 | 1893 Sea Islands hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Georgia, South Carolina | Fatalities estimated | |
1,000 | 1918 | 1918 Cloquet fire | Wildfire (rural) | Minnesota | $7,300,000 | |
918 | 1978 | Jonestown | Mass murder | Jonestown, Guyana | Jim Jones, cult leader of the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project, convinced most of the group to drink grape Flavor Aid poisoned with cyanide or to inject themselves and their children with cyanide, totaling 909 deaths of U.S. nationals. A family of four other Temple members committed murder/suicide by knife in Georgetown. Five others were shot and killed while trying to escape from Jonestown, including U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan. | |
879 | 1945 | USS Indianapolis[10] | Military strike – submarine | Philippine Sea | Largest loss of life in the history of the U.S. Navy at sea | |
844 | 1915 | SS Eastland | Accident – shipwreck | Chicago, Illinois | Passenger ship capsized in Chicago harbor while loading charter for company picnic, causing great loss of life despite shallow water and proximity to land. Deadliest disaster in the history of Great Lakes shipping, and deadliest disaster in Chicago history. | |
819 | 1944 | SS Léopoldville[11] | Military strike – submarine | English Channel | Approximately 763 United States Army soldiers drowned. | |
800 | 1875 | 1875 Indianola hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Louisiana, Texas | Fatalities estimated | |
749 | 1944 | Exercise Tiger | Military strike – E-boats | English Channel | USS LST-289, LST-507 and LST-531 sunk during a training exercise.[12] | |
747 | 1925 | Tornado outbreak of March 18, 1925 | Tornado outbreak | Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee | $1,650,000,000 (2005) | At least 12 tornadoes, including the following:
|
745 | 1919 | 1919 Florida Keys hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Florida, Texas | Including 488 deaths aboard SS Valbanera | |
739 | 1995 | Chicago Heat Wave of 1995 | Heat wave | Chicago, Illinois | ||
683 | 1942 | USS Juneau[13] | Military strike – submarine | Guadalcanal | Sunk by submarine while retreating with damage from naval battle of Guadalcanal. | |
682–800 | 1938 | 1938 New England hurricane | Tropical cyclone | |||
675 | 1943 | SS Dorchester[14] | Military strike – submarine | Greenland | United States troopship. | |
650 | 1913 | Great Flood of 1913 | Flood | Central United States, Eastern United States | Fatalities estimated | |
644 | 1943 | USS Liscombe Bay[15] | Military strike – submarine | Gilbert Islands | Submarine torpedo detonated the aircraft carrier's bomb magazine during Operation Galvanic. | |
602 | 1903 | Iroquois Theatre fire | Fire (building) | Chicago, Illinois | Worst theater fire in American history; worst single-building fire. | |
600 | 1928 | St. Francis Dam | Accident – dam failure | Santa Clarita, California | ||
581 | 1947 | Texas City disaster | Accident – explosion | Texas City, Texas | Ammonium nitrate on board ship | |
501+ | 1896 | Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1896 | Tornado outbreak sequence | Central United States, Southern United States | $2,900,000,000 (1997) | At least 38 tornadoes, including the following:
|
500+ | 1804 | 1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Southeastern United States | ||
500 | 1865 | American steamship General Lyon (1864) | Accident – fire, shipwreck | Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina | Fatalities estimated | |
500 | 1871 | Great Michigan Fire | Wildfire (rural) | Michigan | Fatalities estimated | |
492 | 1942 | Cocoanut Grove fire | Fire (building) | Boston, Massachusetts | Deadliest nightclub fire ever, and second-deadliest structure fire in U.S. history; loss of life due to blocked exits; burn victims were among the first treated with penicillin | |
476–1,000+ | 1927 | Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster | Industrial, silicosis | Gauley Bridge, West Virginia | 178 admitted deaths, 476 with congressional inquiry, 1,000+ by epidemiologists. | |
454+ | 1936 | 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee | At least 12 tornadoes, including the following:
| |
428 | 1913 | 1913 (Ohio) statewide flood | Flood | Ohio | ||
418+ | 1894 | Great Hinckley Fire | Wildfire (rural) | Hinckley, Minnesota and vicinity | ||
416 | 1957 | Hurricane Audrey | Tropical cyclone | Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama | $147,000,000 (1957) | |
408 | 1935 | 1935 Labor Day hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Florida |
201 to 400 deaths
Fatalities | Year | Article | Type | Location | Damage (US$) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
400 | 1857 | SS Central America | Accident – shipwreck | Off the coast of Georgia | Fatalities estimated | |
400 | 1860 | PS Lady Elgin | Accident – shipwreck | Chicago, Illinois | ||
400 | 1888 | Great Blizzard of 1888 | Blizzard | Northeastern United States | Fatalities estimated | |
400+ | 1898 | Portland Gale | Storm | New England | ||
385 | 1937 | Ohio River flood of 1937 | Flood | Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois | $5,000,000,000 | |
383+ | 1917 | May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence | Tornado outbreak sequence | Midwestern United States, Southeastern United States | $6,880,000 | At least 66 tornadoes, including the following:
|
383 | 1950 | Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950 | Blizzard | Eastern United States | $66,700,000 (1950) | |
380+ | 1911 | 1911 Eastern North America heat wave | Heat wave | Northeastern United States | ||
372[16] | 1926 | 1926 Miami hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Florida | ||
372 | 1944 | USS Mount Hood[17] | Accident – explosion | New Guinea | Ammunition ship explosion. | |
371+ | 1909 | 1909 Grand Isle hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Gulf Coast of the United States | ||
362 | 1907 | Monongah mining disaster | Accident – coal mine | Monongah, West Virginia | ||
361 | 1913 | Great Dayton Flood | Flood | Dayton, Ohio | Flood was created by a series of three winter storms that hit the region in March, 1913 | |
348 | 2011 | 2011 Super Outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Midwestern United States, Southern United States, Eastern United States | ~$11,000,000,000 (2011) | Including 24 non-tornadic deaths; 360 tornadoes, including the following:
|
330+ | 1932 | 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Southern United States | $4,340,000 | At least 36 tornadoes, including 10 violent (F4 or F5) storms, resulting in 268 deaths in Alabama alone. Deadliest tornadoes include the following:
|
326+ | 1900 | 1900 Hoboken Docks fire | Fire (industrial) | Hoboken, New Jersey | Including 99 deaths on SS Saale | |
324+ | 1908 | 1908 Dixie tornado outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Great Plains, Midwestern United States, Southern United States | At least 29 tornadoes, including the following:
| |
322 | 1930 | Ohio Penitentiary | Fire (building) | Columbus, Ohio | ||
320 | 1944 | Port Chicago disaster | Accident – explosion | Port Chicago, California | World War II ammunition ignited | |
317+ | 1840 | Great Natchez Tornado | Tornado | Natchez, Mississippi | $1,260,000 | |
313[18] | 1837 | Steamboat Monmouth disaster | Boat collision | Above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi River | Fatalities estimated | |
310 | 1974 | 1974 Super Outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia and New York | $3,500,000,000 (2005) | Additional 9 deaths in Ontario; 148 tornadoes, including the following:
|
300 | 1865 | Mobile magazine explosion | Accident – explosion | Mobile, Alabama | Civil War ammunition; fatalities estimated | |
300 | 1921 | Tulsa race massacre | Race massacre | Tulsa, Oklahoma | White mob attacks affluent black neighborhood; fatalities estimated | |
300–400 | 1944 | 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane | Tropical cyclone | East Coast of the United States | Fatalities estimated | |
296–319 | 1937 | New London School explosion | Accident – explosion | New London, Texas | $13,000,000 (2003) | Gas leak |
286 | 1960 | December 1960 nor'easter | Blizzard | Northeastern United States | ||
283+ | 1859 | Mendocino War | Massacre | Mendocino County, California | ||
282 | 1881 | Thumb Fire | Wildfire (rural) | Michigan | $2,347,000 | |
278 | 1876 | Brooklyn Theatre fire | Fire (building) | Brooklyn, New York | ||
276–702[19] | 2021 | February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm | Blizzard | United States | $20,400,000,000 | Additional 14 deaths in Mexico |
275[16] | 1915 | 1915 Galveston hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Texas | ||
275 | 1915 | 1915 New Orleans hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Louisiana | ||
274 | 1898 | USS Maine | Explosion | Havana, Cuba | A major event that precipitated the Spanish–American War. Exact cause remains unknown. | |
273 | 1875 | Pacific (1850) | Accident – shipwreck | Off Cape Flattery, Washington | Fatalities estimated | |
273 | 1979 | American Airlines Flight 191 | Accident – aircraft | Chicago, Illinois | Deadliest aircraft accident in U.S. history | |
272 | 1943 | Henry R. Mallory[20] | Military strike – submarine | North Atlantic | United States troopship. | |
271 | 1965 | Palm Sunday tornado outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Iowa, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana | 78 tornadoes, including the following:
| |
270 | 1988 | Pan Am Flight 103 | Terrorism | Lockerbie, Scotland | Inflight bombing of a flight from London to New York killed all aboard, including 179 U.S. citizens, and 16 on the ground. | |
265 | 1913 | Dawson, New Mexico | Accident – coal mine | Dawson, New Mexico | Including 263 miners and two rescuers | |
265 | 2001 | American Airlines Flight 587 | Accident – aircraft | Queens, New York | Second-deadliest U.S. aviation accident, and deadliest in New York City. | |
259 | 1909 | Cherry Mine disaster | Accident – coal mine | Cherry, Illinois | ||
257 | 1932 | 1932 San Ciprián hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Puerto Rico | ||
256 | 1969 | Hurricane Camille | Tropical cyclone | Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia | ||
256 | 1985 | Arrow Air Flight 1285 | Accident – aircraft | Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada | Most of the passengers were members of the 101st Airborne Division. | |
250 | 1858 | Pennsylvania (steamboat) | Accident – shipwreck | Mississippi River, near Memphis, Tennessee | Fatalities estimated | |
250 | 1913 | Great Lakes Storm of 1913 | Blizzard | Great Lakes region | $5,000,000 (1913) | Fatalities estimated |
247 | 1903 | Heppner flood of 1903 | Flood | Heppner, Oregon | ||
247 | 1953 | Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence | Tornado outbreak sequence | Michigan, Ohio, Nebraska and Massachusetts | 50 tornadoes, including the following:
| |
246 | 1927 | Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 | Flood | Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee | $400,000,000 | |
243+ | 1920 | April 1920 tornado outbreak | Tornado outbreak | Southern United States | At least 17 tornadoes, including the following
| |
241–289 | 1850 | SS G. P. Griffith | Accident – shipwreck | Lake Erie | ||
241+ | 1913 | Tornado outbreak sequence of March 1913 | Tornado outbreak sequence | Southern United States, Midwestern United States | $9,680,000 | At least 19 tornadoes, including the following:
|
241 | 1983 | 1983 Beirut barracks bombings | Terrorism | Beirut, Lebanon | 58 French peacekeepers, six civilians and two suicide bombers also died in the attack | |
239 | 1907 | Darr Mine disaster | Accident – coal mine | Rostraver Township, Pennsylvania | ||
238 | 1912 | RMS Titanic[21] | Accident – shipwreck | north Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland | Only includes U.S. victims | |
238 | 1972 | 1972 Black Hills flood | Flood | Rapid City, South Dakota | $160,000,000 (1972) $664,000,000 (2002) | Average rainfall over area of 60 mi2 measured at 10-15 inches (380 mm), over 6 hours in middle of night June 9–10, 1972. |
235 | 1888 | Schoolhouse Blizzard | Winter storm | Midwestern United States | ||
230 | 1996 | TWA Flight 800 | Accident – aircraft | Long Island, New York | ||
229–600 | 2021 | 2021 Western North America heat wave | Heat wave | Pacific Northwest | At least 116 deaths in Oregon, at least 112 in Washington, and one in Idaho | |
228 | 1997 | Korean Air Flight 801 | Accident – aircraft | Asan-Maina, Guam | ||
225 | 1865 | Brother Jonathan (steamer) | Accident – shipwreck | Off Crescent City, California | Fatalities estimated | |
225–350[22] | 1890 | Wounded Knee Massacre | Massacre | Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota | 200–325 estimated Lakota fatalities,[23] 25 U.S. Army | |
225 | 2006 | 2006 North American heat wave | Heat wave | Contiguous United States | ||
223 | 1998 | 1998 United States embassy bombings | Terrorism | Tanzania, Kenya | 4,000+ injured | |
217+ | 1927 | Tornado outbreak of May 1927 | Tornado outbreak | Midwestern United States, Southern United States | At least 34 tornadoes, including the following:
| |
217 | 1999 | EgyptAir Flight 990 | Accident – aircraft | Atlantic Ocean near Nantucket, Massachusetts | ||
216 | 1902 | Fraterville Mine disaster | Accident – coal mine | Fraterville, Tennessee | ||
211 | 1906 | 1906 Florida Keys hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Florida | ||
209 | 1940 | Rhythm Club fire | Fire (building) | Natchez, Mississippi | ||
209 | 1952 | Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 | Tornado outbreak | Southern United States | $285,300,000 (2019) | 31 tornadoes, including the following:
|
208 | 1993 | 1993 Storm of the Century | Cyclonic blizzard | Eastern United States | $6,650,000,000 (2008) | Additional 110 deaths in other countries |
202 | 1896 | 1896 Cedar Keys hurricane | Tropical cyclone | Landfall at Cedar Key, Florida; | $9,600,000 in 1896 ($289,000,000 in 2018) | Heavy damage along much of Eastern Seaboard of U.S. |
201 | 1966 | North American blizzard of 1966 | Blizzard | Eastern United States |
81 to 200 deaths
41 to 80 deaths
15 to 40 deaths
See also
By type
- List of missing ships
- List of boiler explosions
- List of Indian massacres in North America
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- List of battles with most United States military fatalities
- List of hotel fires in the United States
- List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States
- Freedmen massacres
- List of notable disease outbreaks in the United States
By location
- List of disasters in New York City by death toll
- List of disasters in Massachusetts by death toll
- List of disasters in Canada by death toll
- List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
- List of disasters in Australia by death toll
- List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
References
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- ^ The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States: The Basics - Kaiser Family Foundation
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- ^ 1957-1958 Pandemic (H2N2 virus) - United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- ^ 1968 Pandemic (H3N2 virus) - United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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