List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kachin_Independence_Army_cadets_in_Laiza_%28Paul_Vrieze-VOA%29.jpg/250px-Kachin_Independence_Army_cadets_in_Laiza_%28Paul_Vrieze-VOA%29.jpg)
The following is a list of non-state armed groups involved in the internal conflict in Myanmar, officially called ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) by the government of Myanmar.[1]
Terminology
The term "ethnic armed organisation" (Burmese: တိုင်းရင်းသား လက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့အစည်း) emerged in Myanmar during the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement negotiations from 2013 to 2015.[2] Various other terms, including "ethnic organisation", "ethnic resistance force", and "ethnic rebel group" have also been used to describe ethnic armed organisations. These organisations typically:
- claim to represent an ethnic identity[2]
- aim to garner mutual recognition from other ethnic armed organisations through alliances and coalitions[2]
- have an armed wing, and often a separate political wing[2]
Active
Name | Abbreviation | Founded | Strength | Headquarters | Location | Affiliations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | AA | 2009 | 15000+(claimed in May 2024)[3]
| Laiza |
|
| |
![]() | AA (Kayin) | 2010 | 350 (2024)[6] | Mobile headquarters | Kayin State |
| |
![]() | ABSDF | 1988 | 600 (2016)[7] | Manerplaw (until 1995)[8] | Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[9] | ||
![]() | ALA | 1968 | 100 (2024)[10] | Sittwe | Armed wing of the Arakan Liberation Party |
| |
![]() | ARA | 2020 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | |||
![]() | ARSA | 2013 | ~200 (2018)[12][13] | Mobile headquarters |
| ||
![]() | BPLA | 2021 | 1,000+[15] | Mobile headquarters | Eastern Myanmar | Co-founded by activist Maung Saungkha | |
![]() | CNA | 1988 | 1,500+ (2024)[16] | Camp Victoria[17] | Chin State |
| Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[19] |
![]() | CNDF | 2021 | Unknown | Falam | Chin State | Armed wing of the Chin National Organisation[20] | |
![]() | CDF | 2021 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | |||
![]() ![]() | DKBA-5 | 2010 | 2,000+ (2024)[10][21][22] | Sonesee Myaing | Armed wing of the Klohtoobaw Karen Organization[10] |
| |
![]() | KDA | 1991 | 2,850 (2020)[23] | Kawnghka | Shan State |
| |
![]() | KIA | 1961 | 20,000 (2018)[25] | Kachin State, northern Shan State |
| Holds and governs territory in Kachin State[26] | |
![]() | KLO | 1995 | Unknown | Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] | Part of the UNLFW | Based in India and operates in Assam and West Bengal | |
![]() ![]() | KNA | 2024 | 7,000+[28] | Shwe Kokko[29] | Kayin State |
| |
![]() | KNDO | 1947 | Unknown |
| Affiliate of the Karen National Union |
| |
![]() | KNLA | 1949 | 15,000 (2021)[32] |
|
| Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état | |
![]() | KA | 1949 | 1,500 (2012)[33] | Nya Moe[34] | Kayah State |
|
|
![]() | KNPLF | 1978 | 2,000[35] | Pankan | Kayah State |
| |
![]() | KNDF | 2021 | 7,000+[36] | Mobile headquarters | |||
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup | KYKL | 1994 | Unknown | Mobile Headquarters | Sagaing Region | Part of CorCom |
|
![]() | KCP | 1980 | ~112 (2012)[39] | Mobile Headquarters | Sagaing Region | Part of CorCom |
|
![]() | KNLP/A | 1964 | 200–300 | Pekon |
| Armed wing of the Kayan New Land Party |
|
![]() | KTLA | 2022 | Unknown | Kayin State | Broke away from the Karen National Union July 2022[40] | ||
KNU/KNLA Peace Council | KPC | 2007 | 500+ (2024)[10][41] | To-kawko | Kayin State | Not affiliated with the KNU or KNLA, despite its name | |
![]() | KNA(B) | 1988 | 200+ (2016)[42] | Mobile headquarters | Armed wing of the Kuki National Organisation | Based in India and operates in Manipur | |
![]() | KCNA | 2017 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | Armed wing of the Kuki-Chin National Front |
| |
![]() | LDU | 1973[44] | 1,500 (2024)[10] | Loi Lan[10] | Shan State |
| |
![]() | MNLA | 1958 | 1,000+ (2024)[10][48] | Ye Chaung Phya | Armed wing of the New Mon State Party | Signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in 2018, along with the Lahu Democratic Union[45][46][47] | |
![]() | MNLA-AMD | 2024 | 300[10] | Unknown | Mon State | Armed wing of the New Mon State Party (Anti-Military Dictatorship) |
|
![]() | MNDAA | 1989 | 6,000[49] | Mobile headquarters | Shan State (Kokang) |
|
|
![]() | MRDA | 2022 | 1,000+[50] | Pale | Sagaing Region | Formerly known as the Myanmar Royal Dragon Army | |
![]() | NDAA | 1989 | 3,000[51]–4,000[21] (2016) | Mong La | Shan State | Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution | |
![]() | NLA | 2023 | Unknown | Tamu Township | Sagaing Region (Tamu Township) | Formerly the PDF Tamu Battalion 3 | |
![]() |
| 1980 | <500 (2016)[52] |
| Part of the UNLFW |
| |
New Democratic Army – Kachin |
| 1989 | 700 (peak)[55] | Pangwa | Kachin State | Signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989 and transformed into a Border Guard Forces in 2009 | |
![]() | PNA | 1949 | 4,000 (2023)[56] | Taunggyi | Shan State | Armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation |
|
![]() | PNLA | 2009 | 1,000+ (2024)[10][21][57] | Camp Laybwer | Armed wing of the Pa-O National Liberation Organisation | Split into a pro-peace talk and anti-junta faction in January 2024[10] | |
![]() | 2021 | 100,000 (2024 est.)[58] | Armed wing of the National Unity Government (NUG) |
| |||
![]() | PDF (Kalay) | 2021 | Unknown | Kalay | Sagaing Region | Part of the People's Defence Force | |
![]() | PLA | 2021 | Unknown | Armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma | The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021.[59][60] | ||
![]() | PLAM | 1978 | 3,800 (2008) | Manipur | Part of CorCom |
| |
![]() | PRA (Magway) | 2021 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | |||
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak | PREPAK | 1977 | ~200 (2012)[63] | Mobile headquarters | Sagaing Region | Part of CorCom |
|
![]() | RSO | 1982[64] | Unknown |
| |||
![]() | SNA | 2016 | 1,000+ (2019)[66] | Mobile headquarters | Kachin State | Allies with the Shan State Army (RCSS) and the Tatmadaw | |
![]() | SSPP/SSA | 1971 | 10,000 (2023)[67] | Wan Hai | Shan State |
| Signed ceasefire with Tatmadaw |
![]() | RCSS/SSA | 1996 | 8,000 (2024)[10] | Loi Tai Leng |
| Split from the Mong Tai Army in 1995 | |
![]() | LEM/LNDP | 2013 | 100 (2022)[68] | Myitkyina | Kachin State | Armed wing of the Lisu National Development Party |
|
![]() | SAF | 2021 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | |||
![]() | TNLA | 1992 | 8,000-10,000 (2024)[49] | Mobile headquarters | Shan State |
| Governs the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone |
![]() | ULFA-I | 1979 | 200 (2024) | Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] | Part of the UNLFW |
| |
![]() | UNLF | 1964 | 2,000 | Manipur | Part of CorCom |
| |
![]() | UWSA | 1989 | 25,000 (2015)[71] | Pangkham | Shan State |
| Governs the Wa Self-Administered Division (Wa State)[72] |
![]() | WNA | 1969 | 200 (1998)[73] | Homein | Shan State |
| Signed a peace agreement with the government in August 1997 |
![]() | ZRA-EC | 1997 | 3,000 (2016)[21] | Churachandpur | Armed wing of the Zomi Revolutionary Organisation |
Defunct
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2015) |
Name | Abbreviation | Founded | Disbanded | Strength | Headquarters | Location | Affiliations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front | ARIF | 1986[75] | 1998 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | |||
![]() | NDFB | 1986 | 2020 | 3,000+ | Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] | Part of the UNLFW |
| |
Communist Party of Arakan | CPA | 1962 | 2004 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | Rakhine State | Split from the Red Flag Communist Party | |
![]() | CPB | 1939 | 1989 | 6,000[76] | Pangkham (until 1989) | Shan State | Armed wing dissolved in 1989 | |
![]() | DKBA | 1994 | 2010 | <5,000[21] | Mobile headquarters | Kayin State |
| |
God's Army | 1997 | 2006 | 500[77] | Mobile headquarters | Myanmar–Thailand border | Surrendered to government forces in 2006 | ||
Mongko Region Defence Army | MRDA | 1995[78][79] | 2000 | Unknown | Mongko | Split from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army | ||
![]() | MTA | 1985 | 1996 | 20,000 | Homein | Surrendered to the government in 1996 | ||
Monland Restoration Army | MRA | 2001 | 2012 | 100–300[80][81] | Sangkhlaburi | Armed wing of the Hongsawatoi Restoration Party | Surrendered to government forces in 2012 | |
![]() | None | 1947 | 1954 | 2,000 | Mayu | Rakhine State | Majority of fighters surrendered to the government in the late 1950s and early 1960s | |
![]() | RFCP | 1948 | 1978 | 500[82] | Mobile headquarters | Shan State | Split from the Communist Party of Burma | |
Rohingya Liberation Party | RLP | 1972 | 1974 | 800–2,500[83][better source needed] | Mobile headquarters | Rakhine State | Insurgents fled across the border into Bangladesh after a massive military operation by the government in July 1974 | |
Rohingya National Army | RNA | 1998 | 2001 | Unknown | Cox's Bazar | Armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO) | ||
Rohingya Patriotic Front | RPF | 1974 | 1980s | 70[83] | Mobile headquarters | Rakhine State | ||
![]() | SSA | 1964 | 1976 | 1,500 | Mobile headquarters | Shan State |
| |
![]() | SSNA | 1995 | 2005 | 8,000 (peak)[84] | Hsipaw | Shan State | Merged with the Shan State Army – South in 2005 | |
![]() | SURA | 1960 | 1996 | Unknown | Homein |
| ||
![]() | VBSW | 1999 | 2013 | Unknown | Mobile headquarters | Myanmar–Thailand border |
|
Coalitions
See also
- Combatants of the internal conflict in Myanmar
- List of political and military organisations in Myanmar
Notes
- ^ a b Both the Shan State Progress Party and the Restoration Council of Shan State use "Shan State Army" as the name of their armed forces, so they're either distinguished by using the political organisation or adding North/South at the end
References
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- ^ a b c d Amara Thiha. "It's Time To Rethink Myanmar's Ethnic Armed Organizations". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ "The Arakan Army responds to Rohingya abuse accusations in Myanmar". Ali M. Latifi. 29 May 2024.
- ^ Davis, Anthony (1 February 2024). "Myanmar junta in a make-or-break Rakhine fight". Asia Times. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Internet Blackout Imposed on Myanmar's Restive Rakhine State". Agence France-Presse via Voice of America. 23 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ "AA (Karen Region)". 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ a b c "The Politics of Pressure: The 1990s and the Fall of Manerplaw". www.ibiblio.org. The Museum of Karen History and Culture. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) has entered a war with Myanmar's junta military". The Chindwin. 16 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Rocky Start for New Bloc of Myanmar EAOs Formed to Join Junta Peace Talks". The Irrawaddy. 12 April 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Liberation Party officer shot dead in Rakhine State capital". Myanmar Now. 18 September 2023.
- ^ Olarn, Kocha; Griffiths, James (11 January 2018). "Myanmar military admits role in killing Rohingya found in mass grave". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ "'Beyond comprehension': Myanmar admits killing Rohingya". www.aljazeera.com. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ "Myanmar's Junta Plays Both Rakhine and Rohingya for Fools". The Irrawaddy. 26 March 2024.
- ^ "တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ" [Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands]. Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Chin National Front | Myanmar Peace Monitor". 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Fishbein, Emily (9 January 2023). "Chin nationalism 'blossoms' on northwestern front against junta". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
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- ^ "Chin National Front Signs Deal with Myanmar's Shadow Govt". The Irrawaddy. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ Benezer, Salai. "Chin people form CNO, CNDF". BNI Multimedia Group. Burma News Internationational. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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- ^ "Peace may prove elusive as divisions sap strength of karen national union | Bangkok Post: news". www.bangkokpost.com. Bangkok Post. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "Myanmar Army Seizes Drugs, Detains Leaders in Raid on KIA Offshoot Group". Radio Free Asia. 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Burmanet » Kachin News Group: KDA transformed to militia groups by Burma junta". www.burmanet.org. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Burma attack breaks Kachin truce near China border". BBC. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
The rebels are seeking greater autonomy within Burma for ethnic Kachins who have had de facto control over a part of northern Burma for more than 50 years.
- ^ a b c d e "UNLFW: The new name for terror in NE". Times of India. 5 June 2015.
- ^ "All Karen Border Guard Force units to be rebranded as The Karen National Army". Karen News. 2 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Kayin Border Guard Force celebrates ninth anniversary". Frontier Myanmar. 20 August 2019.
- ^ "Ethnic Karen guerrillas in Myanmar leave a town that army lost 2 weeks ago as rival group holds sway". ABC News. 24 April 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Signs Historic Cease-Fire Deal With Eight Ethnic Armies". Radio Free Asia. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ "ชาติพันธุ์กระเหรี่ยง ต่อสู้เพื่อความฝัน "รัฐกะเหรี่ยง"". pptvhd36.com (in Thai). 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ^ Burma center for Ethnic Studies, January 2012, "Briefing Paper No. 1" http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/BCES-BP-01-ceasefires(en).pdf Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Murray, Lucy. "Karenni rebels dig in for last stand". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2005.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Khin, Aung; Aung, Nyan Lin (9 December 2021). "ကရင်နီကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့". Voice of America (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ" [Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands]. Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup". South Asia Terrorism Portal.
- ^ a b c "India's security and the fencing of the Myanmar border". Firstpost. 22 February 2024.
- ^ "Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP)". Project on Violent Conflict.
- ^ "New armed group formed by ousted KNDO leader will not be recognised by KNU". Myanmar Now. 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Karen Peace Council (KPC) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ "Kuki National Organization | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ a b "KNF gets arms, support from other side of border". The Daily Star.
- ^ "Lahu Democratic Union (LDU) » Myanmar Peace Monitor". 11 May 2022.
- ^ a b "2 groups join Myanmar government's peace process". AP News. 13 February 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b "New Mon State Party and Lahu Democratic Union sign NCA". Office of the President of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b "NCA signing ceremony for NMSP, LDU to take place on 13 Feb". Mizzima. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "New Mon State Party (NMSP) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Junta Running Out of Options in Northern Shan as Fighting Resumes". The Irrawaddy. 2 July 2024.
- ^ "တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ" [Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands]. Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 6 June 2023.
- ^ "NDAA | Myanmar Peace Monitor". www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
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- ^ ""On 4 February 2024, in Taungpyoletwea town (Maungdaw township, Maungdaw district, Rakhine state), the ULA/AA attacked the Taung Pyo Let Yar tactical hilltop base of the Border Guard Police. The ULA/AA alleged that the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army and the Rohingya Solidarity Organization fought alongside the Border Guard Police. Casualties unknown."". ACLED Dashboard.
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The best such example comes from the United Wa State Army (UWSA), an armed ethnic organisation that has established de facto control over a portion of Northeastern Burma.
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- ^ Schmid, Alex Peter, A.J. Jongman, and Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature Archived 2 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005. p. 514
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- ^ "Signatory Organizations to NCA Announce New Name: 7 EAO Alliance". Karen News. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
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External links
- Myanmar Peace Monitor – NGO based in Chiang Mai, Thailand that monitors Myanmar's ongoing peace process.
- Pyidaungsu Institute – Political institute based in Chiang Mai, Thailand focused on achieving political stability and peace in Myanmar.
- v
- t
- e
Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar
- AA (ULA)
- AA (ANC)
- ABSDF
- ALA (ALP)
- ARSA
- BLA
- BPLA
- CDF
- CNA (CNF)
- CNDF
- DKBA-5
- KIA (KIO)
- KNA
- KNA(B)
- KNLA (KNLP)
- KNDO / KNLA (KNU)
- KA (KNPP)
- KNPLF
- KTLA
- KPC
- LDU
- MNDAA (MNTJP [zh])
- MNLA (NMSP)
- MRDA/BNRA
- NDAA (PSC)
- NSCN-K
- PDF (NUG)
- PLA (CPB)
- PNA (PNO)
- PNLA (PNLO)
- PRA-Magway
- RSO
- SNA
- SSA-N (SSPP)
- SSA-S (RCSS)
- TNLA (PSLF)
- UWSA (UWSP)
- WNA (WNO)
- ZRA (ZRO)
- Communist (1948–1988)
- China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
- Kachin
- Karen
- Karen–Mon
- Kokang
- Rohingya
- post-2021 coup