List of heaviest land mammals
The heaviest land mammal is the African bush elephant, which has a weight of up to 10.1 t (11.1 short tons). It measures 10–13 ft at the shoulder and consumes around 230 kg (500 lb) of vegetation a day. Its tusks have been known to reach 2.7 m (9 ft) in length, although in modern populations they are most commonly recorded at a length of 0.6–0.9 m (2 ft 0 in – 2 ft 11 in).[1] The average walking speed of an elephant is 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), but they can run at recorded speeds of up to 24 km/h (15 mph).[2]
Heaviest extant land mammals
Rank | Name | Image | Family | Taxonomy Classification | Mass[Note 1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | African bush elephant | ![]() | Elephantidae | Loxodonta africana | 5,200–10,000 kg (11,500–22,000 lb)[3] [4] |
2 | Asian elephant | ![]() | Elephantidae | Elephas maximus: E. m. indicus, E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis | 2,400–8,000 kg (5,300–17,600 lb) [5] [4] |
3 | African forest elephant | ![]() | Elephantidae | Loxodonta cyclotis | 1,700–6,000 kg (3,700–13,200 lb)[6] |
4 | White rhinoceros | ![]() | Rhinocerotidae | Ceratotherium simum: Ceratotherium simum cottoni, C. s. simum | 3,000–4,500 kg (6,600–9,900 lb)[7] |
5 | Hippopotamus | ![]() | Hippopotamidae | Hippopotamus amphibius: H. a. amphibius, H. a. kiboko, H. a. capensis, H. a. tschadensis, H. a. constrictus | 1,210–4,500 kg (2,670–9,920 lb)[8] [9] |
6 | Indian rhinoceros | ![]() | Rhinocerotidae | Rhinoceros unicornis | 2,070–4,000 kg (4,560–8,820 lb) [10] [11] |
7 | Black rhinoceros | ![]() | Rhinocerotidae | Diceros bicornis: D. b. minor, D. b. michaeli, D. b. longipes | 850–2,896 kg (1,874–6,385 lb)[12] |
8 | Javan rhinoceros | ![]() | Rhinocerotidae | Rhinoceros sondaicus | 900–2,300 kg (2,000–5,100 lb)[13] |
9 | Giraffe | ![]() | Giraffidae | Giraffa camelopardalis: G. c. camelopardalis, G. c. reticulata, G. c. angolensis, G. c. antiquorum, G. c. tippelskirchi, G. c. rothschildi, G. c. giraffa, G. c. thornicrofti, G. c. peralta | 700–2,000 kg (1,500–4,400 lb)[14][15] |
10 | Gaur | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos gaurus: B. g. gaurus, B. g. readei, B. g. hubbacki | 440–1,500 kg (970–3,310 lb)[16] |
11 | Cattle | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos primigenius | 120–1,400 kg (260–3,090 lb)[17][18] |
12 | American bison | ![]() | Bovidae | Bison bison: B. b. athabascae, B. b. bison | 540–1,270 kg (1,190–2,800 lb) in wild,[19][20] and a semidomesticated bull weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb).[19] |
13 | Wild water buffalo | ![]() | Bovidae | Bubalus arnee[Note 2] | 600–1,200 kg (1,300–2,600 lb)[21][22] |
14 | Wild yak | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos mutus | 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb)[23] |
15 | Giant eland | ![]() | Bovidae | Taurotragus derbianus: T. d. derbianus, T. d. gigas | 400–1,200 kg (880–2,650 lb)[24] |
16 | Gayal | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos frontalis | 650–1,000 kg (1,430–2,200 lb)[citation needed] |
17 | European bison | ![]() | Bovidae | Bison bonasus | 500–1,000 kg (1,100–2,200 lb)[25][26] |
18 | Sumatran rhinoceros | Rhinocerotidae | Dicerorhinus sumatrensis | 500–1,000 kg (1,100–2,200 lb)[27] | |
19 | Eland | ![]() | Bovidae | Taurotragus oryx: T. o. livingstonii, T. o. oryx, T. o. pattersonianus | 400–1,000 kg (880–2,200 lb)[28][29] |
20 | Bactrian camel | ![]() | Camelidae | Camelus bactrianus, Camelus ferus | 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[30][31] |
21 | Dromedary | ![]() | Camelidae | Camelus dromedarius | 400–1,000 kg (880–2,200 lb)[32] |
22 | Water buffalo | ![]() | Bovidae | Bubalus bubalis | 300–1,000 or 1,100 kg (660–2,200 or 2,430 lb)[33][34] |
23 | Yak | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos grunniens | 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[35] |
24 | Polar bear | ![]() | Ursidae | Ursus maritimus | 300–1,000 kg (660–2,200 lb)[36][37][38] |
25 | Brown bear | ![]() | Ursidae | Ursus arctos: U. a. arctos, U. a. collaris, U. a. beringianus, U. a. isabellinus, U. a. gobiensis, U. a. lasiotus, Ursus arctos marsicanus, U. a. syriacus, U. a. pruinosus, U. a. horribilis, U. a. gyas,U. a. middendorffi, U. a. sitkensis, U. a. stikeenensis, U. a. nelsoni, U. a. crowtheri | 150–1,000 kg (330–2,200 lb)[39][40][41][42] |
26 | Kouprey | Bovidae | Bos sauveli | 680–910 kg (1,500–2,010 lb)[43][26] | |
27 | Banteng | ![]() | Bovidae | Bos javanicus: B. j. javanicus, B. j. lowi, B. j. birmanicus | 590–900 kg (1,300–1,980 lb)[44] |
28 | African buffalo | ![]() | Bovidae | Syncerus caffer: S. c. caffer, S. c. nanus, S. c. brachyceros, S. c. mathewsi, S. c. aequinoctialis | 300–870 kg (660–1,920 lb)[45][46] |
29 | Moose | ![]() | Cervidae | Alces alces: A. a. alces, A. a. pfizenmayeri, A. a. cameloides, A. a. buturlini, A. a. americana, A. a. andersoni, A. a. gigas, A. a. shirasi | 200–820 kg (440–1,810 lb)[47][48][5] |
30 | Elk | ![]() | Cervidae | Cervus canadensis: C. c. alashanicus, C. c. kansuensis, C. c. macneilli, C. c. manitobensis, C. c. nannodes, C. c. nelsoni, C. c. roosevelti, C. c. xanthopygus, C. c. sibiricus, C. c. songaricus, C. c. wallichii | 170–600 kg (370–1,320 lb)[49][50] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Entries are ordered by the median or mean body mass (in that order of preference), if available, or otherwise by the geometric mean of the body mass range limits.
- ^ The domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) also occurs as feral populations, sometimes in sympatry with Bubalus arnee.[21]
References
- ^ Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.
- ^ Stanford News Service Stanford News Service Retrieved April 3, 2016
- ^ Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24.
- ^ a b Larramendi, A. (2015). "Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950. Retrieved 23 May 2020. This is the range for 90% of the male population; see Table 8.
- ^ a b Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
- ^ Grubb, Peter; Groves, Colin; Dudley, Joseph; Shoshani, Jeheskel (January 2000). "African forest elephant and african bush elephant". Elephant. 2 (4). doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169.
- ^ "African Rhinoceros". viuzza.net. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus)". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ Weston, E.M.; Lister, A.M. (2009). "Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in Homo floresiensis". Nature. 459 (7243): 85–88. Bibcode:2009Natur.459...85W. doi:10.1038/nature07922. PMC 2679980. PMID 19424156. Adult range (males plus females; see Supplementary Discussion on page 15 of Supplementary Material); note mean mass = 1,495 kg.
- ^ Boitani, Luigi, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
- ^ Laurie, W.A.; Lang, E.M.; Groves, C.P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Mammalian Species (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002. Weights are for captive males; see page 1.
- ^ Hillman-Smith, A.K.K..; Groves, C.P. (1994). "Diceros bicornis". Mammalian Species (455): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504292. JSTOR 3504292. See page 2.
- ^ Dinerstein, E. (2003). The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08450-5.
- ^ Hall-Martin, A.J. (1977). "Giraffe Weight Estimation Using Dissected Leg Weight and Body Measurements". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 41 (4): 740–745. doi:10.2307/3799999. JSTOR 3799999. Male weight range, from Table 1.
- ^ Owen-Smith, R. Norman, Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology. Cambridge University Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-521-42637-4
- ^ MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Gaur". In Smith, A. T.; Xie, Y. (eds.). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 472. ISBN 9781400834112.
- ^ Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978
- ^ "Hereford cattle weight". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
- ^ a b Meagher, M. (1986). "Bison bison". Mammalian Species (266): 1–8. doi:10.1093/mspecies/266.1. JSTOR 3504019. Male weight range, page 1.
- ^ Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). Bison: mating and conservation in small populations. Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-231-08456-7.
- ^ a b Aryal, A.; Shrestha, T.K.; Ram, A.; Frey, W.; Groves, C.; Hemmer, H.; Dhakal, M.; Koirala, R.J.; Heinen, J.; Raubenheimer, D. (2011). "Call to conserve the Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal" (PDF). International Journal of Conservation Science. 2 (4): 261–268. Retrieved 2020-05-25. See page 262.
- ^ Ahrestani, F.S.; Heitkönig, I.M.A.; Matsubayashi, H.; Prins, H.H.T. (2016). "Grazing and Browsing by Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Ahrestani, F.S.; Sankaran, M. (eds.). The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia. Ecological Studies. Vol. 225. Springer Netherlands. pp. 99–120. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7570-0_4. ISBN 978-94-017-7568-7. ISSN 0070-8356. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) See page 104. - ^ Han Jianlin, M. Melletti, J. Burton, 2014, Wild yak (Bos mutus Przewalski, 1883), Ecology, Evolution and Behavior of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation, Chapter 1, p.203, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Atlan, B. "Taurotragus derbianus". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ Boitani, Luigi, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
- ^ a b Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
- ^ Groves, C. P.; Kurt, F. (1972). "Dicerorhinus sumatrenis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (21): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503818. JSTOR 3503818. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2012.
- ^ Kingdon, J (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11692-1.
- ^ "Animal Bytes – Common Eland". Seaworld.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Bactrian Camel". EdgeofExistence.org. EDGE. 2010.
- ^ "Bactrian Camel". UltimateUngulate.com.
- ^ "Dromedary, Arabian camel". ultimateungulate.com.
- ^ Cockrill, W. R. (1977). The water buffalo (PDF). Rome: Animal Production and Health Series No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013.
- ^ Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1974). The husbandry and health of the domestic buffalo. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ Buchholtz, C. (1990). True Cattle (Genus Bos). pp. 386–397 in S. Parker, ed. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Volume 5. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. (quoted in Oliphant, M. (2003). Bos grunniens (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 4 April 2009)
- ^ Derocher, A. E.; Wiig, Ø. (2002). "Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard". Journal of Zoology. 256 (3): 343–349. doi:10.1017/S0952836902000377.
- ^ Hemstock, p. 4
- ^ Wood, G.L. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Records. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
- ^ Christiansen, P. (1999). "What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora: Ursidae)?". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 36 (2): 93–102. JSTOR 23735739.
- ^ Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (2003). Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801874161.
- ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
- ^ LaFee, Scott (2008-05-29). "Seeds of doubt". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
- ^ [1] Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine (2011).
- ^ A. Hoogerwer, 1970, Udjung Kulon: The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros, Physical Details pp 167-171, Brill Archive
- ^ Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). "Observation on developmental biology, growth and some aspects of the population ecology of the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer Sparrman) in the Kruger National Park". Koedoe. 12 (1). doi:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.745. ISSN 2071-0771. Combined adult male range for Kruger National Park, South Africa (639.6-767.5 kg; Table 1, page ~56) and East Africa (678.6-835.1 kg; page 36)
- ^ Cape Buffalo, Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/animal/Cape-buffalo
- ^ "Moose". Env.gov.nl.ca. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ Franzmann, A. W. (1981). Alces alces. Mammalian Species, 1-7.
- ^ "Cervus elaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Eide, Sterling. "Roosevelt Elk". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png)
Wikispecies has information related to Mammalia.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Mammalia
- v
- t
- e
Extant chordate classes
- Kingdom Animalia
- (unranked) Bilateria
- Superphylum Deuterostomia
Cephalochordata |
---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vertebrata |
|
---|
- ¹orders of class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
- ²subclasses of Sarcopterygii
- ³orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)
- italics denote paraphyletic groups