List of large volcanic eruptions
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This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.
<11.7KA (Holocene)
11.7 to 49KA
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ka[1] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Lolobau Island | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 50 50 | 12 | caldera formation |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 24.9 < 25 | 12.3 | Ruplax Tuff |
6 | Nevado de Toluca | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 20 20 | 12.5 | Upper Toluca Pumice |
6 | Sakurajima | Kyūshū | 11 11 | 12.8 | Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff |
6 | Laacher See | Eifel hotspot | 20 20 | 12.9 | |
6 | Nigorigawa | Hokkaidō | 10.9 10.9 | 14.6 | |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 79 79 | 14.9 | Neapolitan Yellow Tuff |
6 | Maly Semyachik | Kamchatka | 17.5 17.5 | 15 | |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 56 56 | 15.6 | eruption episode L |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 15.7 | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.3 1.3 | 19.3 | Green Pumice |
7 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 100 100 | 19.3 | Kiau Ignimbrite |
7 | Zavaritzki Caldera | Simushir, Kuril Islands | 200 200 | 20 | |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10.1 >10 | 21 | Kulau Ignimbrite |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 26.1 | 21 | Caldera formation 2 |
6 | Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 20.1 >20 | 21.8 | Cape Riva |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.9 1.9 | 22 | Basal Pumice |
6 | Mount Katmai | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 10.1 ⩾10 | 22.8 | Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite |
8 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1170 1170 | 26.5 | Oruanui eruption[a] |
6 | Morne Diablotins | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 14 14 | 26.6 | Grand Savanne Ignimbrite |
? | Laguna Caldera | Luzon Volcanic Arc | Unknown | 27-29 | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 2.2 2.2 | 28.6 | Codola Pumice |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 10.1 ≥10 | 29.1 | Y3 |
6 | Emmons Lake caldera | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 50 50 | 29.3 | Dawson Tephra |
6 | Nemrut yanardağı | Turkey | 65.4 65.4 | 29.7 | |
7-8 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | 940 940 - 1,040[2] | 30[3] | Ito Ignimbrite |
6 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 10 10 | 30.8 | Nemo III |
6 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 30.1 >30 | 32.2 | caldera formation |
6 | Volcán Los Azufres | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 11 11 | 32.8 | Cieneguillas Ignimbrite |
6 | Morne Trois Pitons | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 58 58 | 33.3 | Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Ranau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 150 150 | 33.6 | Ranau Tuff |
6 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 31.3 31.3 | 34 | Nemo II |
6 | Mount Batur | Sunda Arc, Bali | 84 84 | 34.6 | Ubud Ignimbrite |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 25 25 | 35 | Caldera II |
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 10 10 | 35.3[4] | Nu-p |
6 | Menengai | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 26.1 26.1 | 35.6 | Menengai Tuff |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 46 46 | 36 | eruption episode N |
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 10 10 | 38.3[4] | Nu-r |
7 | Gorely | Kamchatka | 120 120 | 39 | Southern sea cliffs |
7 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 170 170 | 39.3 | Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 430 430 - 680 | 39.9 | Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption |
5 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 40 | |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 40 40 | 40 | Caldera I |
6 | Ugashik-Peulik | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 30 30 | 40 | Caldera formation |
6? | Ulleung | South Korea | 10 10? | 40[3] | Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra |
6 | Irosin Caldera | Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc | 70 70 | 41 | Irosin Ignimbrites |
6 | Qualibou | Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc | 11 11 | 42.3 | Choiseul Tuff |
6 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 10.3 10.3 | 42.5 | C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon) |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 14.4 14.4 DRE[4] | 43[6] | Kt-1 |
7 | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas | Kamchatka | 150 150 | 43.6 | Uzon ignimbrite - northern field |
6 | Golovnin | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 15 15 | 43.7 | Kn III-5 Tephra |
6 | Mount Akagi | Honshū | 25.9 25.9 | 44 | Akagi-Kanuma pumice |
6 | Mendeleev | Kunashir, Kuril Islands | 60 60 | 44.5 | caldera formation |
7 | Opala | Kamchatka | 225 225 | 44.5 | caldera formation |
5-6 | Naruko | Honshū | 5 5 - 10[4] | 45 | Yanagisawa Tuff |
7 | Nemo Peak | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 115.1 >115 | 45 | Nemo I |
6 | Smith Island | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 49 49 | 45 | |
7 | Shikotsu | Hokkaidō | 350 350 - 390[7] | 46 | caldera formation |
50 to 99KA
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ka[8] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 10.2 10.2 DRE | 50 | Kt-2 |
7 | Ōkataina Volcanic Complex | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 100 >100 DRE[9] | 50 | Rotoiti Ignimbrite |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 13.1 13.1 | 51 | Santa Lucia Tephra |
7 | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 235 235 | 52 | Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs |
6 | Mount Kujū | Kyūshū | 12.0 12[10] | 53.5 | Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1) |
6 | Skaros Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 13.8 13.75 | 54 | Upper Scoriae 2 |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 20.1 20.1 DRE | 50 - 60 | Kt-3 |
5[11] | Torfajökull[12] | Iceland | 44 DRE[11] | 55.4[12] | Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1[12] |
6 | Ischia | Campanian volcanic arc | 10.1 ≥ 10 | 56 | X2 |
6 | Ischia | Campanian volcanic arc | 40.0 40 | 56 | Monte Epomeo Green Tuff |
6 | Daisen | Honshū | 40.0 40 | 59.6[3] | Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice |
6 | Shikotsu | Hokkaidō | 50.0 50 | 60 | Shadai eruption |
6 | Towada | Honshū | 10.0 10 | 61 | eruption episode Q |
6 | Newberry Volcano | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 12.6 > 12.5 | 62.5 | Olema tephra, Paulina tephra |
6 | Hakone | Honshū | 20.0 20 | 66 | Hakone-Tokyo Pumice |
6 | Akademia Nauk | Kamchatka | 12.5 12.5 | 69.4 | Odnoboky O2 tuffs |
6 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 37.0 37 | 69 | Zaragoza Tuff |
6 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 24.0 24 | 70 | Faby Tuff |
6 | Pico do Fogo | Cape Verde | Unknown | 73 | |
5-6 | Naruko | Honshū | 5.0 5 - 10 | 73 | Nisaka Tuff |
8 | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 2800 2,800 - 5,300[13] | 74 | Youngest Toba Tuff[b] |
6 | Barrier Volcano | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 10.0 10 | 74 | caldera formation |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 11.1 > 11 DRE | 75 | Kt-4 |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 12.4 12.35 | 80 | CA-1a Tephra |
6 | Bolshoy Semyachik | Kamchatka | 42.0 42 | 80 | Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II |
6 | Hakone | Honshū | 10.0 10 | 80 | Hakone-Obaradai Pumice |
7? | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 25.0 25 | 81 | Inararo Tuff |
6 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 10.0 10 | 82.8 | X4; I-7 |
7 | Lago de Atitlán | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala | 300 300 | 84 | Los Chocoyos eruption |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 16.8 16.8 DRE | 84 | Kt-6 |
6 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 25.0 25 | 85 | Kp-2/3 |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 10.8 10.8 DRE | 84 - 87 | Kt-7 |
7-8 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | 930 930 - 1,860[2] | 87 | Aso-4 Ignimbrite |
6 | Kuttara | Hokkaidō | 9.9 9.9 DRE | 87 - 106 | Kt-8 |
100 to 299KA
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ka[15] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | Kikai Caldera | Ryukyu Islands | Unknown | 100 | Tozurahara eruption |
6 | Sierra la Primavera | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 90 | 100 | Tala Tuff |
6 | Skaros Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 14 | 100 | Middle Pumice |
6 | Ontake | Honshū | 50 | 100 | Ontake-1 Pumice |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10? | 100 | Boroi Ignimbrites |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10? | 100 | Malaguna Pyroclastics |
7 | Ata Caldera | Kyūshū | 350 | 100[3] | Ata pyroclastic deposits |
6 | Sanbe | Honshū | 20 | 105 | Sanbe-Kisuki pumice |
6 | Tangkuban Perahu | Sunda Arc, Java | ≥ 10 | 105 | Sunda Caldera |
7 | Lake Tōya | Hokkaidō | 230 – 310[2] | 106 | |
6 | Santo Antão | Cape Verde | 10.33 | 106 | Cão Grande I |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥ 10 | 106.2 | X5 |
6 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | ≥ 10 | 108.9 | X6 |
7 | Kussharo | Hokkaidō | 175 | 117.5 | Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash |
7 | Emmons Lake caldera | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 220 | 124 | Old Craw Tephra |
7 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | > 150 | 130 | Aso-3 Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | 50 | 141 | Aso-2 Ignimbrite |
6 | Yellowstone Caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 23? | 143 | Cold Mountain Creek Tuff |
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 150 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S |
5 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 150 | |
7 | Kos-Nisyros Caldera | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 110 | 161 | Kos Plateau Tuff |
7 | Los Humeros | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 290 DRE[16] | 164 | Xáltipan Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Akan | Hokkaidō | 56.8 (DRE) | 175 | AK-2 |
6 | Yellowstone Caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 50 | 176 | Bluff Point Tuff |
7 | Southern Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | Unknown | 180 | |
7 | Awasa Caldera | Main Ethiopian Rift | 103.5 | 182.3 | |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 205 | |
7 | Rotorua Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Mamaku Ignimbrite |
7 | Maroa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Ohakuri Ignimbrite |
7 | Reporoa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 230 | Kaingaroa Ignimbrite |
7 | Ata Caldera | Kyūshū | > 150 | 240 | Torihama eruption |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 240 | Ohakui Ignimbrite |
7 | O'a Caldera | Ethiopia | 276 | 240 | Qi3 Pumice |
8 | Maroa Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 254 | Whakamaru Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Aso | Kyūshū | Unknown | 266 | Aso-1 Ignimbrite |
6 | Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas | Kamchatka | 46 | 278 | Uzon ignimbrite - southern field |
7 | Haroharo Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 280 | Matahina Ignimbrite |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 280 | Pakai Ignimbrite |
7 | Lake Maninjau | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 175 | 280 |
300 to 999KA
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ka[17] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 300 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 300 | Chimpanzee Ignimbrite |
7 | Vulsini | Campanian volcanic arc | 460 | 300 | Bolsena Caldera |
7 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 320 | |
7 | Kakutō Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 321 | Kakuto Ignimbrite |
7? | Suiendani | Honshū | Unknown | 370 | Okuhida Pyroclastics |
7 | Lake Bracciano | Lazio, Italy | > 200 | 370 | Mophi Tephra |
6 | Roccamonfina Caldera | Campanian volcanic arc | Unknown | 390 | |
6-7 | Medvezhia | Iturup, Kuril Islands | 90 | 410 | Medvezhia Ignimbrite |
7 | Toussidé | Tibesti Mountains | 150 | 430 | Yirrigué Ignimbrite |
7 | Pauzhetka Caldera | Kamchatka | 375 | 440 | Golygin Ignimbrite |
7 | Tumalo | Oregon | Unknown | 440 | Tumalo tuff |
7 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 450 | Oda Ignimbrite |
7 | Diamante Caldera | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 450 | |
7 | Aira Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 500 | Yoshino Ignimbrite |
7 | Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 138 | 500 | Middle Toba Tuff |
7 | Kobayashi Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 520 | Kobayashi Ignimbrite |
6 | Galeras | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 560 | |
7 | Mount Kirishima | Kyūshū | Unknown | 580 | Hiwaki Ignimbrite |
6? | Hōhi Volcanic Zone | Kyūshū | Unknown | 600 | Yufugawa Ignimbrite |
6 | Mount Lassen | Cascade Volcanic Arc | > 75 | 610 | Rockland Caldera formation |
8 | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | ⩾ 1,000 | 631 | Lava Creek Tuff |
7 | Acatlán Volcanic Field | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 150 | 650 | Acatlán Ignimbrite |
7 | Hōhi Volcanic Zone | Kyūshū | Unknown | 650 | Seiganji-Toga Tephra |
7 | Kamitakara | Honshū | Unknown | 650 | |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 680 | Matahana A |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 710 | Waiotapu Ignimbrite |
7 | Long Valley Caldera | Eastern California | 790 | 760 | Bishop Tuff |
7 | Kapenga Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 830 | Matahana B |
7 | Calabozos | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 840 | Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L |
8 | Lake Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | 5,290[13] | 840 | Toba Tuff |
7 | Shishimuta Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 870 | Imaichi Ignimbrite |
7 | Tondano Caldera | North Sulawesi, Sulawesi | 600 - 950 | 870 | |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 950 | Marshall Ignimbrite |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 970 | Unit E |
1 to 9.9MA
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ma[18] | Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | North Vate | Vanuatu | Unknown | 001 1 | Efaté Pumice Formation |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001 1 | Rocky Hill Ignimbrite |
7 | Shishimuta Caldera | Kyūshū | Unknown | 001 1 | Yabakei Ignimbrite |
7 | Tamagawa Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 001 1 | |
7 | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Unknown | 001 1 | Saigō Ignimbrite |
7 | Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera | Hokkaidō | 130 > 130 | 001 1 | |
8 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.01 1.01 | Kidnappers Ignimbrite |
8 | Awasa Caldera | Main Ethiopian Rift | 1000 | 001.09 1.09 | |
8 | Gakkel Ridge Caldera | Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean | 3000 | 001.1 1.1 | |
7 | Akademia Nauk | Kamchatka | 100 | 001.13 1.13 | Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite |
7 | Kulshan Caldera | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 117 > 117.5 | 001.15 1.149 | Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.18 1.18 | Ahuroa Ignimbrite |
7 | Hōhi Volcanic Zone | Kyūshū | Unknown | 001.2 1.2 | Shikido Ignimbrite |
6 | Toba Caldera | Sunda Arc, Sumatra | Unknown | 001.2 1.2 | Haranggoal Dacite Tuff |
7 | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Unknown | 001.2 1.2 | Ashino Ignimbrite |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.2 1.2 | Unit D |
8 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.21 1.21 | Ongatiti Ignimbrite |
7 | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot) | 690 | 001.22 1.223 | Upper Bandelier Tuff |
7 | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | 280 > 280 (DRE) | 001.27 1.27 | Mesa Falls Tuff |
7 | Puricó Complex | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.3 1.3 | Puricó Ignimbrite |
7 | Tōnohetsuri Calderas | Honshū | Unknown | 001.4 1.4 | Kumado Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Tokachi | Hokkaidō | Unknown | 001.4 1.4 | Tokachi Ignimbrite |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.4 1.4 | Unit C |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.53 1.53 | Unit B |
7 | Mangakino Caldera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 001.55 1.55 | Unit A |
7 | Mount Jiigatake[19] | Honshū | Unknown | 001.6 1.6 | Ōmine Ignimbrite |
7 | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA | 690 | 001.61 1.61 | Lower Bandelier Tuff |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 001.65 1.65 | |
6 | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex | Unknown | 001.7 1.7 | Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite |
7 | Young Island | Valleny Islands | 100 | 001.7 1.7 | Eltanin |
7 | Bolshe-Bannaya | Kamchatka | 800 | 001.7 1.7 | |
7 | Mount Hotakadake[19] | Honshū | Unknown | 001.75 1.75 | Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras |
7 | Mount Hotakadake | Honshū | Unknown | 001.76 1.76 | Nyūkawa Ignimbrite |
7 | Valles Caldera | New Mexico, USA | 101 ⩾ 100 | 001.78 1.78 | San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite |
7 | Karymshina | Kamchatka | Unknown | 001.78 1.78 | |
7 | Lago de Atitlán | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala | Unknown | 001.8 1.8 | |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 001.88 1.88 | Kitazawa Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Tokachi | Hokkaidō | Unknown | 001.9 1.9 | Biei Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | Reishōji Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | Ht-3 Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | Nyūnomi Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Jiigatake | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | Ichiuda Ignimbrite |
7 | Mount Hotakadake | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | Sonehara Ignimbrite |
7 | Tamagawa Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 002 2 | |
8 | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | 2160 | 002.07 2.0794 | Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B |
7 | Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field | Yellowstone hotspot | 290 | 002.11 2.113 | Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C |
7 | Mount Jiigatake[19] | Honshū | Unknown | 002.18 2.18 | Taniguchi Ignimbrite |
8 | Cerro Galán | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 1030 | 002.2 2.2 | Cerro Galán Ignimbrite |
7? | Mount Erciyes | Turkey | Unknown | 002.5 2.52 | Valibabatepe Ignimbrite |
^^^^Quaternary^^^^ | |||||
7 | Hiwada Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 002.8 2.8 | Hotokezawa Ignimbrite |
8 | Pastos Grandes Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 1500 | 002.9 2.9 | Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite |
7 | Teragi Cauldron | Honshū | Unknown | 003 3.03 | Teragi Group[20] |
7 | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex | Unknown | 003.5 3.5 | Tara Ignimbrite |
7 | Yunosawa Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 003.5 3.5 | Obirakiyama Tuff |
8 | Pacana Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 2800 | 004 4 | Atana Ignimbrite |
8 | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 004.5 4.45 | Kilgore Tuff |
? | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 005.5 5.51 | Conant Creek Tuff |
8 | Cerro Guacha | Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex | 1300 | 005.7 5.7 | Guacha ignimbrite |
7 | Cerro Panizos | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 006.1 6.1 | Panizos Ignimbrite |
? | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 006.3 6.27 | Walcott Tuff |
8 | Heise volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 006.6 6.62 | Blacktail Tuff |
7 | Black Mountain Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 007 7 | Thirsty Canyon Tuff |
7 | Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | Unknown | 008.3 8.3 | Sifon Ignimbrite |
? | Twin Falls volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 008.6 8.6-10 | |
8 | Grey's Landing Supereruption | Yellowstone hotspot | 2800 > 2800[21] | 008.7 8.72 | Grey's Landing Ignimbrite |
8 | McMullen Supereruption | Yellowstone hotspot | 1700 > 1700[21] | 008.9 8.99 | McMullen Ignimbrite |
10MA and older
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot | Material volume (km3) | Age in Ma[22] | Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | Picabo volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 010 10 – 10.2 | Arbon Valley Tuffs | |
7-8 | Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera | Yellowstone hotspot | 950 | 011 10 – 12.5 | Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption | |
7 | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 011.5 11.45 | Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member | |
8 | Timber Mountain caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 011.6 11.6 | Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member | |
8 | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 012.7 12.7 | Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member | |
8 | Paintbrush Caldera | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 012.8 12.8 | Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member | |
7 | Mount Sobo | Kyūshū | Unknown | 012.8 12.8 | ||
? | Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 012.8 13.9-12.8 | ||
7 | Mount Katamuki | Kyūshū | Unknown | 013 13 | ||
7 | Silent Canyon caldera complex | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 013 13 | Belted Range Tuff | |
7 | Crater Flat Group | Southwest Nevada volcanic field | Unknown | 013.3 13.25 | Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member | |
7 | Shitara Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 013.1 15.1-13.1 | ||
8 | Ōdai Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 013.7 13.7 | Murō Ignimbrite | |
8 | Mount Ōkue | Kyūshū | Unknown | 013.7 13.7 | Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex | |
7 | Mount Ishizuchi | Shikoku | Unknown | 014 14 | ||
8 | Kumano Caldera | Honshū | Unknown | 014.4 14.4 | Kumano Acidic rocks | |
8 | Source unknown | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 1100 | 015 15 | Huaylillas Ignimbrite | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, North | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 015 15 | Whitehorse Creek Tuff | |
? | Lake Owyhee volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot? | Unknown | 015 15 | ||
8 | Mount Osuzu | Kyūshū | Unknown | 015.1 15.1 | Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex | |
? | Northwest Nevada volcanic field | Yellowstone hotspot? | Unknown | 015.5 16.5-15.5 | ||
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 015.6 15.6 | Longridge Tuff member 2-3 | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 015.6 15.6 | Longridge Tuff member 5 | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 015.7 15.7 | Double H Tuff | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, North | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 015.8 15.8 | Trout Creek Mountains Tuff | |
? | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 016 16 | Hoppin Peaks Tuff | |
7 | McDermitt volcanic field, South | Yellowstone hotspot | Unknown | 016.5 16.5 | Oregon Canyon Tuff | |
8 | Oxaya Formation | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 3000 | 019 19 | Oxaya Ignimbrite | |
7 | Mount Belknap Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Unknown | 019 19 | Joe Lott member | |
^^^^Neogene^^^^ | ||||||
7 | Monroe Peak Caldera | Marysvale volcanic field | Unknown | 023 23 | Osiris Tuff | |
8 | La Garita Caldera | San Juan volcanic field | 5000 | 027.8 27.8 | Fish Canyon Tuff[c] | |
8? | Bachelor | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 028 28 | Carpenter Ridge Tuff | |
8 | San Juan | San Juan volcanic field | Unknown | 028 28 | Sapinero Mesa Tuff | |
8? | Uncompahgre | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 028.1 28.1 | Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs | |
8? | Platoro | San Juan volcanic field | 1000 | 028.2 28.2 | Chiquito Peak Tuff | |
8 | Bursum | Southern New Mexico | Unknown | 028.5 28.5 | Apache Springs Tuff | |
8 | White Rock Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex | Unknown | 029.2 29.2 | Lund Tuff | |
8 | Sana'a Ignimbrite | Afro-Arabian | Unknown | 029.5 29.5 | Tephra 2W63 | |
8 | Iftar Alkalb | Afro-Arabian | Unknown | 029.5 29.5 | Tephra 4 W | |
8 | Sam Ignimbrite | Yemen | Unknown | 029.5 29.5 | Green Tuff | |
8 | Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite | Yemen | Unknown | 029.6 29.6 | ||
8 | Wah Wah Springs Caldera | Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex | 5900 | 030 30.06 | Wah Wah Springs Tuff[d] | |
8 | Windows Butte Tuff | Central Nevada | Unknown | 033 33 | Windows Butte Tuff | |
8 | Emory Caldera | Southwestern New Mexico | Unknown | 034.9 34.9 | Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park | |
8 | Mount Princeton | Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado | Unknown | 035.3 35.3 | Wall Mountain Tuff | |
7 | Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex | Skukum Group | Unknown | 050 50 | ||
^^^^Paleogene^^^^ | ||||||
8 | Deccan Traps | West-central India | Unknown | 066 66 | This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs | |
8 | Source unknown | Honshū | Unknown | 070 70 | Noi Rhyolite | |
8 | Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau | Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands | Unknown | 121 121 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Santa Maria Fria | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | Guarapuava-Ventura | Paraná and Etendeka traps | Unknown | 132 132 | Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain. | |
8 | High Island Caldera | Hong Kong | Unknown | 140 140 | ||
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^ | ||||||
8 | Ora Caldera | Southern Alps, Italy | Unknown | 274 277–274 | Ora Formation | |
7 | Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[23] | The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex | Unknown | 317 325-317[23] | Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits | |
8 | Cerberean Caldera | Rubicon Valley | Unknown | 374 374[24] | Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.[24][25] | |
8 | Glen Coe | Scotland | Unknown | 420 420[26] | ||
8 | Scafells | Lake District | Unknown | 450 450+[27] |
Notes
- ^ First documented Supervolcanic eruption, and last known volcanic eruption with a VEI of 8.
- ^ The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period.[14]
- ^ Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
- ^ The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
See also
- Geologic time scale
- Timeline of volcanism on Earth
- Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
References
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ a b c Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 170. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..170T. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170.
- ^ a b c d Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
- ^ a b c d Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ^ Mitsuhiro Nakagawa; Mizuho Amma-Miyasaka; Daisuke Miura; Shimpei Uesawa (2018). "Tephrostratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 124 (7): 473–489. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038.
- ^ The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits.[5]
- ^ "Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes" (PDF) (in Japanese). Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C.; Forni, F.; Bachmann, O. (2021). "Magma reservoir evolution during the build up to and recovery from caldera-forming eruptions – A generalizable model?". Earth-Science Reviews. 218: 103684. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103684. hdl:10356/161241. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 236237501.
- ^ Yoshihisa Kawanabe; Hideo Hoshizumi; Jun'ichi Itoh; Seiko Yamasaki (2015). "Kuju : Geological Maps of Japan". Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
- ^ a b "Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)". VOGRIPA. Retrieved 27 May 2024. This source has not yet been updated by post 2019 knowledge.
- ^ a b c Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). "Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi:10.1130/G46004.1.
- ^ a b Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
- ^ Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183.
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392: 106755. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39206755C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755. S2CID 213394831.
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ a b c Teruki Oikawa (2003). "The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan". Quaternary Research (in Japanese). 42 (3): 141–156. doi:10.4116/jaqua.42.141. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ^ Toshiki Haji; Takashi Kudo; Sota Niki; Takafumi Hirata (2023). "The Age of the Lower Tuff in the Utaosa Rhyolite, Teragi Cauldron, southwest Japan:Uranium‒lead dating of Late Pliocene zircon using femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 129 (1): 341–354. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2023.0002.
- ^ a b Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020). "Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?". Geology. 48 (9): 934–938. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K. doi:10.1130/G47384.1. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ start from 1950 CE
- ^ a b Casas-García, Raymundo; Rapprich, Vladislav; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Svojtka, Martin; Lapp, Manuel; Stanek, Klaus; Hofmann, Mandy; Linnemann, Ulf (2019-11-15). "Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 386: 106662. Bibcode:2019JVGR..38606662C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 202913004.
- ^ a b Clemens, J. D.; Birch, W. D. (2012-12-15), "Assembly of a zoned volcanic magma chamber from multiple magma batches: The Cerberean Cauldron, Marysville Igneous Complex, Australia", Lithos, 155: 272–288, Bibcode:2012Litho.155..272C, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.09.007, ISSN 0024-4937
- ^ Birch, W. D. (1970), An investigation of the Upper Devonian Cerberean Cauldron complex in central Victoria, University of Melbourne
- ^ "Glencoe – Geology". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ P. J. Brenchley (2006). Timing and Duration of The Volcanism and Related Intrusions. Geological Society of London. p. 116. ISBN 9781862392007.
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Bibliography
- Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Further reading
- Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207–229. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
- Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project Website "VOGRIPA".
- Lee Siebert; Tom Simkin; Paul Kimberly (2011). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520268777.