Maraden Panggabean
General (Ret.) Tun Maraden Panggabean | |
---|---|
![]() Official portrait, c. 1971 | |
8th Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council | |
In office 19 March 1983 – 23 March 1988 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | Idham Chalid |
Succeeded by | Sudomo |
1st Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs | |
In office 29 March 1978 – 19 March 1983 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | Position created |
Succeeded by | Surono Reksodimedjo |
6th Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia | |
In office 28 March 1973 – 17 April 1978 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | General Suharto |
Succeeded by | General Mohammad Jusuf |
14th Minister of Defense and Security | |
In office 9 September 1971 – 29 March 1978 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | Suharto |
Succeeded by | Mohammad Jusuf |
2nd Commander of Kopkamtib | |
In office 19 November 1969 – 27 March 1973 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | General Suharto |
Succeeded by | General Sumitro |
8th Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army | |
In office 1 May 1968 – 25 November 1969 | |
President | Suharto |
Preceded by | General Suharto |
Succeeded by | General Umar Wirahadikusumah |
Personal details | |
Born | Maraden Saur Halomoan Panggabean (1922-06-29)29 June 1922 Tapanoeli, Dutch East Indies |
Died | 28 May 2000(2000-05-28) (aged 77) Jakarta, Indonesia |
Political party | Golkar |
Spouse | Meida Saimima Tambunan (m.
|
Branch/service | |
Years of service | 1943–1978 |
Rank | General |
Unit | Infantry |
Commands | |
Battles/wars | |
Service no. | 12150 |
Maraden Saur Halomoan Panggabean (29 June 1922 – 28 May 2000) was a prominent Indonesian general during the early years of General Suharto's New Order regime.
Early life
Panggabean was born in Tarutung, North Sumatra, on 29 June 1922. He was from the Batak ethnic group.
After completing his education, Panggabean took on work as a teacher, an occupation held in high regard in the Batak community, and even became the principal of a school in Tarutung. In 1942, with the arrival and subsequent occupation of Indonesia by the Japanese Imperial Army, Panggabean left the field of education. He first trained to become a civil servant under the Japanese Occupational Government although he would soon be interested in taking on a military career.
Military career
In 1943, the Japanese Occupation Government formed the Defenders of the Homeland Army an auxiliary force consisting of Indonesians which were designed to assist the Japanese should the Allies come to invade Indonesia. Like many of his military contemporaries, Panggabean joined. In Panggabean's case however, he seemed to have only manage to go through military schooling and basic training before the Japanese surrendered and nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence.
Like all other youths all around Indonesia, Panggabean was caught up in the rush to take weapons from the Japanese in preparation of the formation of a National Army. On 5 October 1945, the People's Security Army, the precursor to the Indonesian National Armed Forces and later on, TNI[clarification needed] was formed. Panggabean took up the position of military trainer at Sibolga before serving as Chief of Staff for the 1st Battalion, 4th Regiment, 10th Division in Sumatra until 1949.
Following the Indonesian National Revolution of 1945–1950, Panggabean spent the next 10 years as a regimental chief of staff at Tapanuli and as a sectoral commander in the Military Territory of North Sumatra. In 1957, Panggabean also took the opportunity for further military education at the Infantry Officers Advanced Course in the United States. In 1959, Panggabean became battalion commander before being transferred to Military Territory II/Sriwijaya as resort commander.
Panggabean then received his first assignment out of Sumatra as a military court judge in Makassar, Sulawesi. As the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation intensified, Panggabean was appointed commander of the 2nd War Theater, with authority over the troops in Borneo. There, he developed a friendship with Suharto [1] as the then Kostrad commander had troops stationed in Borneo.
After he cracked down on the 30 September Movement, Suharto became the Commander of the Army. Suharto seemed to have remembered Panggabean and appointed him as a staff member with the position of second deputy.
Supersemar controversy
Although originally not part of the events that led to the formulation of Supersemar and Suharto receiving executive power, Panggabean became part of the controversy in 1998. According to Sukardjo Wilardjito, a presidential bodyguard stationed at Bogor, Panggabean was present with Amir Machmud, M Jusuf, and Basuki Rahmat, the three generals that many accounts agree to have been present when Supersemar was signed. According to Sukardjo, Panggabean, alongside Basuki held Sukarno at gunpoint while he signed a pre-prepared Supersemar.[2]
New Order
Military career during New Order
In July 1966, the position of Deputy Army Commander was created and Panggabean was appointed to the position to assist Suharto with his increasing workload. In 1967, Panggabean became Army Commander himself. As Army Commander, Panggabean witnessed a reorganization in the Indonesian National Armed Forces which saw the armed services commanders be reduced in status to chief of staff under the control of an Army commander, a position to be filled by Suharto himself. In 1969, Panggabean became the Commander of Kopkamtib. Two years later, in 1971, Suharto reshuffled the Cabinet and Panggabean became Deputy Commander in addition to becoming State Minister assisting the President in matters of Defense and Security.[3]
Panggabean reached the pinnacle of his military career in 1973 when he became Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces in addition to becoming Minister of Defense and Security. As Commander, Panggabean had differences with Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Malik in the way in which Indonesia should approach its foreign policy in Southeast Asia. Malik wanted ASEAN to only be about economic cooperation whilst Panggabean wanted ASEAN to also be about security cooperation.[4] In addition, Panggabean also wanted to send troops to assist the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. On this matter, Suharto sided with Malik.
In April 1978, Panggabean was discharged as Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Security.
Golkar
In addition to continuing his military career, Panggabean also began a political career by being involved in Golkar, the political party that Suharto had chosen as part of his re-election bid. In 1973, Panggabean became a member of the Golkar Executive Board before becoming Chairman of the Executive Board in 1974. He served in this position until 1978 when Suharto replaced him in the position. Nevertheless, Panggabean was retained as vice chairman of the executive board and served as the day-to-day chairman until 1988.
Government official
After being discharged as commander, Panggabean was named by Suharto as the Coordinating Minister of Politics and Security. He served as Minister until 1983 when he was appointed Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council. When his term ended in 1988, Panggabean retired from politics.
Other activities
In 1985, Panggabean became Advisory Chairman for the Joint Organization of Batak Tradition and Culture. In 1989, he became a Patron of the Bona Pasogit Foundation, an organization dealing with the rehabilitation of earthquake-affected areas in Panggabean's native Tarutung.
Death
Panggabean died in Jakarta on 22 May 2000 after suffering from a stroke.
Miscellaneous
Panggabean was married to Meida Seimima Tambunan with whom he had four children, one son and three daughters.
He was of Batak ethnicity and was a Protestant.
Honours
National honours[5]
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (10 March 1973) [6]
Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 July 1970) [7]
Military Distinguished Service Star (Indonesian: Bintang Dharma)
Guerrilla Star (Indonesian: Bintang Gerilya)
Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama)
Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama)
Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama)
Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama)
Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama)
Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star (Indonesian: Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia)
Military Long Service Medal, 24 Years Service (Indonesian: Satyalancana Kesetiaan XXIV Tahun)
1st Independence War Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I)
2nd Independence War Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan II)
Military Operational Service Medal for Sulawesi 1958 (Indonesian: Satyalancana G.O.M IV)
"Sapta Marga" Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Sapta Marga)
Military Service Medal for Irian Jaya 1962 (Indonesian: Satyalancana Satya Dharma)
Northern Borneo Military Campaign Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Wira Dharma)
Medal for Combat Against Communists (Indonesian: Satyalancana Penegak)
Foreign honours
Malaysia:
Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) - Tun (1971)[8]
Netherlands:
Knight-Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords (1971)
Philippines:
Grand Cross (Datu) of the Order of Sikatuna (1972)[9]
Thailand:
Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
United States:
Commander of the Legion of Merit
Notes
- ^ [Indonesia-News] JKTP – Maraden Panggabean Dies at 78 Archived 2006-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Indonews archives - August 1998, week 4 (#652) Archived 2012-09-09 at archive.today
- ^ Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 201. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- ^ Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 213–214. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- ^ Indonesian Army Bureau of History 1981, p. 325-326.
- ^ Daftar WNI yang Menerima Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Republik Indonesia 1959 - sekarang (PDF). Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ Daftar WNI yang Mendapat Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Mahaputera tahun 1959 s.d. 2003 (PDF). Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1971" (PDF).
- ^ "The Order of Sikatuna". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- Indonesian Army Bureau of History (1981), Sejarah TNI-AD 1945—1973: Riwayat Hidup Singkat Pimpinan Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, vol. XIII
External links
- (in Indonesian) Profile on Tokohindonesia.com
Political offices | ||
---|---|---|
New title | Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs 1978–1983 | Succeeded by Surono Reksodimejo |
Preceded by | Minister of Defense and Security 1971–1978 | Succeeded by |
Military offices | ||
Preceded by | Commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces 1973–1978 | Succeeded by |
Commander of Kopkamtib 1969–1973 | Succeeded by | |
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army 1967–1969 | Succeeded by | |
New title | Deputy Chief of Staff of Indonesian Army 1966–1967 | |
Government offices | ||
Preceded by | Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council 1983–1988 | Succeeded by |
Party political offices | ||
Preceded by | Vice-Chairman of the Golkar Executive Board 1978–1988 | Succeeded by |
Preceded by | Chairman of the Golkar Executive Board 1974–1978 | Succeeded by |
- v
- t
- e
- 1966: Ismail Abdul Rahman
- 1967: Tan Siew Sin
- 1967: V. T. Sambanthan
- 1968: Syed Sheh Barakbah
- 1970: Mohamed Azmi Mohamed
- 1973: Mohamed Salleh Ismael
- 1975: Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
- 1976: Rahah Noah
- 1979: Omar Yoke Lin Ong
- 1980: Ismail Mohd Ali
- 1981: Jugah Barieng
- 1982: Syed Nasir Ismail
- 1983: Raja Azlan Shah
- 1985: Salleh Abas
- 1987: Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
- 1987: Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin
- 1989: Abdul Hamid Omar
- 1990: Suhailah Noah
- 1991: Daim Zainuddin
- 1991: Lim Chong Eu
- 1992: Raja Mohar
- 1993: Mohammed Hanif Omar
- 1995: Ghafar Baba
- 1997: Eusoff Chin
- 1998: Mohamed Zahir Ismail
- 2000: Ibrahim Ismail
- 2001: Sulaiman Ninam Shah
- 2002: Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah
- 2003: Abdullah Mohd Salleh
- 2003: Fatimah Hashim
- 2003: Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali
- 2004: Ling Liong Sik
- 2005: Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim
- 2005: Ghazali Shafie
- 2006: Musa Hitam
- 2008: Abdul Hamid Mohamad
- 2008: Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid
- 2008: Lim Keng Yaik
- 2009: Endon Mahmood
- 2009: Jeanne Abdullah
- 2009: Zaki Azmi
- 2010: Azizan Zainul Abidin
- 2011: Abdullah Ayub
- 2012: Arifin Zakaria
- 2017: Michael Chen Wing Sum
- 2017: Md Raus Sharif
- 2017: Samy Vellu
- 2020: Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
- 2020: Arshad Ayub
- 2020: Richard Malanjum
- 2021: Raja Muhammad Alias Raja Muhammad Ali
- 2022: Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali
- 1966: Lee Tong Won
- 1967: Dawee Chullasapya
- 1968: Ardeshir Zahedi
- 1969: Habib Bourguiba
- 1969: Willy Brandt
- 1971: Maraden Panggabean
- 1972: Hamengkubuwono IX
- 1972: Martin Charteris
- 1972: Prasert Ruchirawongse
- 1973: Bhanubandhu Yugala
- 1973: Chatichai Choonhavan
- 1973: George David Woods
- 1973: Kris Sivara
- 1973: Swaeng Senanarong
- 1979: Serm Na Nakorn
- 1982: Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 2003: Antonio Puri Purini
- 2003: Franco Frattini
- 2003: Gaetano Gifuni
- 2009: Sirindhorn