Mauritius fody
Mauritius fody | |
---|---|
Male | |
Female both on Île aux Aigrettes | |
Conservation status | |
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Ploceidae |
Genus: | Foudia |
Species: | F. rubra |
Binomial name | |
Foudia rubra (Gmelin, JF, 1789) |
The Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra) is a rare species of bird in the weaver family. It is endemic to the island of Mauritius. It is classified by BirdLife International as being endangered.[2] It is also on the United States' Endangered Species List with an endangered status.[3]
Taxonomy
The Mauritius fody was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the buntings in the genus Emberiza and coined the binomial name Emberiza rubra. Gmelin specified the location as the French colony of the Isle de France, now Mauritius.[4] The specific epithet is from Latin ruber meaning "red".[5] Gmelin based his account on a hand-colour engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet that depicted both the male and female birds.[6] The Mauritius fody is now one of eight species placed in the genus Foudia that was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]
Description
This bird is 14 centimeters long. Breeding males are olive brown with a red head, breast and rump patch and black lores.[2] While females, non-breeding males and juveniles are olive brown with white wing bars and a brown bill.
Distribution and habitat
The bird lives in several types of forest, including degraded areas, as well as plantations. Stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) have replaced native vegetation and now provide protection against predators.[8] It feeds on insects like grasshoppers, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and also spiders. Berries are eaten regularly by some individuals. It feeds on nectar regularly, using its specialised brush-tipped tongue.[9]
The bird is a weaver, the male and female cooperating to weave each nest, from material like grass, moss and small twigs.[8]
Status
The Mauritius fody is threatened by the loss of its habitat and predation from introduced predators. Beginning in the 1970s much of its habitat was lost when the land was cleared for plantations.[2] By 2001 there were perhaps no more than about 100 breeding pairs.[10] Nests are raided by predators, especially the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). This is currently the main cause of the bird's decline. Some areas of intact habitat have high nest predation, but areas of low nest predation may be poor habitat.[2] The common myna has also been observed preying on nests. Nest failure may occur when it is infested with tropical nest fly. The larvae of the fly attack the chicks, latching on and feeding on their blood, causing dehydration and anemia in the chicks.[8]
Conservation efforts include the control of rats and macaques. A captive breeding program carried out by the Mauritan Wildlife Foundation has produced many chicks.[2] Eggs are removed from nests in the wild and hatched in captivity as the wild pairs produce and rear another clutch simultaneously.[10] Nests are treated for tropical nest fly. Supplemental food and water are given.[8] The population has increased recently due to conservation programs establishing sub-populations on offshore islands.[2] Due to these conservation efforts the species was downlisted from critically endangered to endangered in 2009.
Île aux Aigrettes, an islet off the main island of Mauritius, is now home to a number of Mauritius fodies and other threatened species that have been translocated there.[8]
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Foudia rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22719149A94614044. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719149A94614044.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International Species Fact Sheet
- ^ USFWS. Addition of 30 African birds to list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register January 12, 1995.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 877.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Moineau de l'Isle de France". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 665, Fig. 1, 2.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Garrett, L. (2009). Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Mauritius Fody Recovery Programme Annual Report 2008-09. Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mauritius fody on Weaver Watch
- ^ a b Mauritius Fody. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. September 12, 2011.
External links
- images and movies of the Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra). ARKive.
- Mauritius fody species text on Weaver Watch
- Mauritius fody breeding photos. Wildlife Preservation Canada.
- v
- t
- e
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- White-headed buffalo weaver (D. dinemelli)
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- Scaly-feathered weaver (S. squamifrons)
- White-browed sparrow-weaver (P. mahali)
- Chestnut-crowned sparrow-weaver (P. superciliosus)
- Chestnut-backed sparrow-weaver (P. rufoscapulatus)
- Donaldson Smith's sparrow-weaver (P. donaldsoni)
- Rufous-tailed weaver (H. ruficauda)
- Grey-capped social weaver (P. arnaudi)
- Black-capped social weaver (P. cabanisi)
- Sociable weaver (P. socius)
- Compact weaver (P. superciliosus)
- Black-chinned weaver (P. nigrimentus)
- Baglafecht weaver (P. baglafecht)
- Bertram's weaver (P. bertrandi)
- Slender-billed weaver (P. pelzelni)
- Loango weaver (P. subpersonatus)
- Little weaver (P. luteolus)
- Lesser masked weaver (P. intermedius)
- Spectacled weaver (P. ocularis)
- Bannerman's weaver (P. bannermani)
- Bates's weaver (P. batesi)
- Black-necked weaver (P. nigricollis)
- Black-billed weaver (P. melanogaster)
- Strange weaver (P. alienus)
- Bocage's weaver (P. temporalis)
- Cape weaver (P. capensis)
- Eastern golden weaver (P. subaureus)
- Holub's golden weaver (P. xanthops)
- Príncipe weaver (Ploceus princeps)
- Orange weaver (P. aurantius)
- Golden palm weaver (P. bojeri)
- Taveta weaver (P. castaneiceps)
- Ruvu weaver (P. holoxanthus)
- Southern brown-throated weaver (P. xanthopterus)
- Northern brown-throated weaver (P. castanops)
- Kilombero weaver (P. burnieri)
- Rüppell's weaver or Rueppell's weaver (P. galbula)
- Heuglin's masked weaver (P. heuglini)
- Northern masked weaver (P. taeniopterus)
- Vitelline masked weaver (P. vitellinus)
- Southern masked weaver (P. velatus)
- Katanga masked weaver (P. katangae)
- Lufira masked weaver (P. ruweti)
- Tanzanian masked weaver (P. reichardi)
- Village weaver (P. cucullatus)
- Giant weaver (P. grandis)
- Speke's weaver (P. spekei)
- Fox's weaver (P. spekeoides)
- Vieillot's black weaver (P. nigerrimus)
- Weyns's weaver (P. weynsi)
- Clarke's weaver (P. golandi)
- Black-headed weaver (P. melanocephalus)
- Juba weaver (P. dichrocephalus)
- Golden-backed weaver (P. jacksoni)
- Cinnamon weaver (P. badius)
- Chestnut weaver (P. rubiginosus)
- Golden-naped weaver (P. aureonucha)
- Yellow-mantled weaver (P. tricolor)
- Maxwell's black weaver (P. albinucha)
- Nelicourvi weaver (P. nelicourvi)
- Sakalava weaver (P. sakalava)
- Streaked weaver (P. manyar)
- Baya weaver (P. philippinus)
- Asian golden weaver (P. hypoxanthus)
- Finn's weaver (P. megarhynchus)
- Black-breasted weaver (P. benghalensis)
- Dark-backed weaver (P. bicolor)
- Preuss's weaver (P. preussi)
- Yellow-capped weaver (P. dorsomaculatus)
- Usambara weaver (P. nicolli)
- Olive-headed weaver (P. olivaceiceps)
- Brown-capped weaver (P. insignis)
- Bar-winged weaver (P. angolensis)
- São Tomé weaver (P. sanctithomae)
- Yellow-legged weaver (P. flavipes)
- Compact weaver (P. superciliosus)
- Red-crowned malimbe (M. coronatus)
- Cassin's malimbe (M. cassini)
- Gola malimbe (M. ballmanni)
- Rachel's malimbe (M. racheliae)
- Red-vented malimbe (M. scutatus)
- Ibadan malimbe (M. ibadanensis)
- Red-bellied malimbe (M. erythrogaster)
- Blue-billed malimbe (M. nitens)
- Crested malimbe (M. malimbicus)
- Red-headed malimbe (M. rubricollis)
- Red-headed weaver (A. rubriceps)
- Bob-tailed weaver (B. anomala)
- Cardinal quelea (Q. cardinalis)
- Red-headed quelea (Q. erythrops)
- Red-billed quelea (Q. quelea)
- Red fody (F. madagascariensis)
- Comoros fody (F. eminentissima)
- Aldabra fody, (F. aldabrana)
- Forest fody (F. omissa)
- Mauritius fody (F. rubra)
- Seychelles fody (F. sechellarum)
- Rodrigues fody (F. flavicans)
- Yellow-crowned bishop (E. afer)
- Fire-fronted bishop (E. diadematus)
- Black bishop (E. gierowii)
- Black-winged red bishop (E. hordeaceus)
- Northern red bishop or orange bishop (E. franciscanus)
- Southern red bishop or red bishop (E. orix)
- Zanzibar red bishop (E. nigroventris)
- Golden-backed bishop (E. aureus)
- Yellow bishop (E. capensis)
- Fan-tailed widowbird (E. axillaris)
- Yellow-mantled widowbird (E. macroura)
- White-winged widowbird (E. albonotatus)
- Red-collared widowbird (E. ardens)
- Marsh widowbird (E. hartlaubi)
- Montane widowbird (E. psammacromius)
- Long-tailed widowbird (E. progne)
- Jackson's widowbird (E. jacksoni)
- Thick-billed weaver (A. albifrons)