Morphism of schemes
In algebraic geometry, a morphism of schemes generalizes a morphism of algebraic varieties just as a scheme generalizes an algebraic variety. It is, by definition, a morphism in the category of schemes.
A morphism of algebraic stacks generalizes a morphism of schemes.
Definition
By definition, a morphism of schemes is just a morphism of locally ringed spaces.
A scheme, by definition, has open affine charts and thus a morphism of schemes can also be described in terms of such charts (compare the definition of morphism of varieties).[1] Let ƒ:X→Y be a morphism of schemes. If x is a point of X, since ƒ is continuous, there are open affine subsets U = Spec A of X containing x and V = Spec B of Y such that ƒ(U) ⊆ V. Then ƒ: U → V is a morphism of affine schemes and thus is induced by some ring homomorphism B → A (cf. #Affine case.) In fact, one can use this description to "define" a morphism of schemes; one says that ƒ:X→Y is a morphism of schemes if it is locally induced by ring homomorphisms between coordinate rings of affine charts.
- Note: It would not be desirable to define a morphism of schemes as a morphism of ringed spaces. One trivial reason is that there is an example of a ringed-space morphism between affine schemes that is not induced by a ring homomorphism (for example,[2] a morphism of ringed spaces:
- that sends the unique point to s and that comes with .) More conceptually, the definition of a morphism of schemes needs to capture "Zariski-local nature" or localization of rings;[3] this point of view (i.e., a local-ringed space) is essential for a generalization (topos).
Let f : X → Y be a morphism of schemes with . Then, for each point x of X, the homomorphism on the stalks:
is a local ring homomorphism: i.e., and so induces an injective homomorphism of residue fields
- .
(In fact, φ maps th n-th power of a maximal ideal to the n-th power of the maximal ideal and thus induces the map between the (Zariski) cotangent spaces.)
For each scheme X, there is a natural morphism
which is an isomorphism if and only if X is affine; θ is obtained by gluing U → target which come from restrictions to open affine subsets U of X. This fact can also be stated as follows: for any scheme X and a ring A, there is a natural bijection:
(Proof: The map from the right to the left is the required bijection. In short, θ is an adjunction.)
Moreover, this fact (adjoint relation) can be used to characterize an affine scheme: a scheme X is affine if and only if for each scheme S, the natural map
is bijective.[4] (Proof: if the maps are bijective, then and X is isomorphic to by Yoneda's lemma; the converse is clear.)
A morphism as a relative scheme
Fix a scheme S, called a base scheme. Then a morphism is called a scheme over S or an S-scheme; the idea of the terminology is that it is a scheme X together with a map to the base scheme S. For example, a vector bundle E → S over a scheme S is an S-scheme.
An S-morphism from p:X →S to q:Y →S is a morphism ƒ:X →Y of schemes such that p = q ∘ ƒ. Given an S-scheme , viewing S as an S-scheme over itself via the identity map, an S-morphism is called a S-section or just a section.
All the S-schemes form a category: an object in the category is an S-scheme and a morphism in the category an S-morphism. (This category is the slice category of the category of schemes with the base object S.)
Affine case
Let be a ring homomorphism and let
be the induced map. Then
- is continuous.[5]
- If is surjective, then is a homeomorphism onto its image.[6]
- For every ideal I of A, [7]
- has dense image if and only if the kernel of consists of nilpotent elements. (Proof: the preceding formula with I = 0.) In particular, when B is reduced, has dense image if and only if is injective.
Let f: Spec A → Spec B be a morphism of schemes between affine schemes with the pullback map : B → A. That it is a morphism of locally ringed spaces translates to the following statement: if is a point of Spec A,
- .
(Proof: In general, consists of g in A that has zero image in the residue field k(x); that is, it has the image in the maximal ideal . Thus, working in the local rings, . If , then is a unit element and so is a unit element.)
Hence, each ring homomorphism B → A defines a morphism of schemes Spec A → Spec B and, conversely, all morphisms between them arise this fashion.
Examples
Basic ones
- Let R be a field or For each R-algebra A, to specify an element of A, say f in A, is to give a R-algebra homomorphism such that . Thus, . If X is a scheme over S = Spec R, then taking and using the fact Spec is a right adjoint to the global section functor, we get where . Note the equality is that of rings.
- Similarly, for any S-scheme X, there is the identification of the multiplicative groups: where is the multiplicative group scheme.
- Many examples of morphisms come from families parameterized by some base space. For example, is a projective morphism of projective varieties where the base space parameterizes quadrics in .
Graph morphism
Given a morphism of schemes over a scheme S, the morphism induced by the identity and f is called the graph morphism of f. The graph morphism of the identity is called the diagonal morphism.
Types of morphisms
Finite type
Morphisms of finite type are one of the basic tools for constructing families of varieties. A morphism is of finite type if there exists a cover such that the fibers can be covered by finitely many affine schemes making the induced ring morphisms into finite-type morphisms. A typical example of a finite-type morphism is a family of schemes. For example,
is a morphism of finite type. A simple non-example of a morphism of finite-type is where is a field. Another is an infinite disjoint union
Closed immersion
A morphism of schemes is a closed immersion if the following conditions hold:
- defines a homeomorphism of onto its image
- is surjective
This condition is equivalent to the following: given an affine open there exists an ideal such that
Examples
Of course, any (graded) quotient defines a subscheme of (). Consider the quasi-affine scheme and the subset of the -axis contained in . Then if we take the open subset the ideal sheaf is while on the affine open there is no ideal since the subset does not intersect this chart.
Separated
Separated morphisms define families of schemes which are "Hausdorff". For example, given a separated morphism in the associated analytic spaces are both Hausdorff. We say a morphism of scheme is separated if the diagonal morphism is a closed immersion. In topology, an analogous condition for a space to be Hausdorff is if the diagonal set
is a closed subset of . Nevertheless, most schemes are not Hausdorff as topological spaces, as the Zariski topology is in general highly non-Hausdorff.
Examples
Most morphisms encountered in scheme theory will be separated. For example, consider the affine scheme
over Since the product scheme is
the ideal defining the diagonal is generated by
showing the diagonal scheme is affine and closed. This same computation can be used to show that projective schemes are separated as well.
Non-examples
The only time care must be taken is when you are gluing together a family of schemes. For example, if we take the diagram of inclusions
then we get the scheme-theoretic analogue of the classical line with two-origins.
Proper
A morphism is called proper if
- it is separated
- of finite-type
- universally closed
The last condition means that given a morphism the base change morphism is a closed immersion. Most known examples of proper morphisms are in fact projective; but, examples of proper varieties which are not projective can be found using toric geometry.
Projective
Projective morphisms define families of projective varieties over a fixed base scheme. Note that there are two definitions: Hartshornes which states that a morphism is called projective if there exists a closed immersion and the EGA definition which states that a scheme is projective if there is a quasi-coherent -module of finite type such that there is a closed immersion . The second definition is useful because an exact sequence of modules can be used to define projective morphisms.
Projective morphism over a point
A projective morphism defines a projective scheme. For example,
defines a projective curve of genus over .
Family of projective hypersurfaces
If we let then the projective morphism
defines a family of Calabi-Yau manifolds which degenerate.
Lefschetz pencil
Another useful class of examples of projective morphisms are Lefschetz Pencils: they are projective morphisms over some field . For example, given smooth hypersurfaces defined by the homogeneous polynomials there is a projective morphism
giving the pencil.
EGA projective
A nice classical example of a projective scheme is by constructing projective morphisms which factor through rational scrolls. For example, take and the vector bundle . This can be used to construct a -bundle over . If we want to construct a projective morphism using this sheaf we can take an exact sequence, such as
which defines the structure sheaf of the projective scheme in
Flat
Intuition
Flat morphisms have an algebraic definition but have a very concrete geometric interpretation: flat families correspond to families of varieties which vary "continuously". For example,
is a family of smooth affine quadric curves which degenerate to the normal crossing divisor
at the origin.
Properties
One important property that a flat morphism must satisfy is that the dimensions of the fibers should be the same. A simple non-example of a flat morphism then is a blowup since the fibers are either points or copies of some .
Definition
Let be a morphism of schemes. We say that is flat at a point if the induced morphism yields an exact functor Then, is flat if it is flat at every point of . It is also faithfully flat if it is a surjective morphism.
Non-example
Using our geometric intuition it obvious that
is not flat since the fiber over is with the rest of the fibers are just a point. But, we can also check this using the definition with local algebra: Consider the ideal Since we get a local algebra morphism
If we tensor
with , the map
has a non-zero kernel due the vanishing of . This shows that the morphism is not flat.
Unramified
A morphism of affine schemes is unramified if . We can use this for the general case of a morphism of schemes . We say that is unramified at if there is an affine open neighborhood and an affine open such that and Then, the morphism is unramified if it is unramified at every point in .
Geometric example
One example of a morphism which is flat and generically unramified, except for at a point, is
We can compute the relative differentials using the sequence
showing
if we take the fiber , then the morphism is ramified since
otherwise we have
showing that it is unramified everywhere else.
Etale
A morphism of schemes is called étale if it is flat and unramfied. These are the algebro-geometric analogue of covering spaces. The two main examples to think of are covering spaces and finite separable field extensions. Examples in the first case can be constructed by looking at branched coverings and restricting to the unramified locus.
Morphisms as points
By definition, if X, S are schemes (over some base scheme or ring B), then a morphism from S to X (over B) is an S-point of X and one writes:
for the set of all S-points of X. This notion generalizes the notion of solutions to a system of polynomial equations in classical algebraic geometry. Indeed, let X = Spec(A) with . For a B-algebra R, to give an R-point of X is to give an algebra homomorphism A →R, which in turn amounts to giving a homomorphism
that kills fi's. Thus, there is a natural identification:
Example: If X is an S-scheme with structure map π: X → S, then an S-point of X (over S) is the same thing as a section of π.
In category theory, Yoneda's lemma says that, given a category C, the contravariant functor
is fully faithful (where means the category of presheaves on C). Applying the lemma to C = the category of schemes over B, this says that a scheme over B is determined by its various points.
It turns out that in fact it is enough to consider S-points with only affine schemes S, precisely because schemes and morphisms between them are obtained by gluing affine schemes and morphisms between them. Because of this, one usually writes X(R) = X(Spec R) and view X as a functor from the category of commutative B-algebras to Sets.
Example: Given S-schemes X, Y with structure maps p, q,
- .
Example: With B still denoting a ring or scheme, for each B-scheme X, there is a natural bijection
- { the isomorphism classes of line bundles L on X together with n + 1 global sections generating L. };
in fact, the sections si of L define a morphism . (See also Proj construction#Global Proj.)
Remark: The above point of view (which goes under the name functor of points and is due to Grothendieck) has had a significant impact on the foundations of algebraic geometry. For example, working with a category-valued (pseudo-)functor instead of a set-valued functor leads to the notion of a stack, which allows one to keep track of morphisms between points (i.e., morphisms between morphisms).
Rational map
A rational map of schemes is defined in the same way for varieties. Thus, a rational map from a reduced scheme X to a separated scheme Y is an equivalence class of a pair consisting of an open dense subset U of X and a morphism . If X is irreducible, a rational function on X is, by definition, a rational map from X to the affine line or the projective line
A rational map is dominant if and only if it sends the generic point to the generic point.[8]
A ring homomorphism between function fields need not induce a dominant rational map (even just a rational map).[9] For example, Spec k[x] and Spec k(x) and have the same function field (namely, k(x)) but there is no rational map from the former to the latter. However, it is true that any inclusion of function fields of algebraic varieties induces a dominant rational map (see morphism of algebraic varieties#Properties.)
See also
- Regular embedding
- Constructible set (topology)
- Universal homeomorphism
Notes
- ^ Vakil 2014, Exercise 6.3.C.
- ^ Vakil 2014, Exercise 6.2.E.
- ^ Derived Algebraic Geometry V: Structured Spaces (PDF), 22 February 2011, § 1.
- ^ Grothendieck & Dieudonné 1960, Ch. I, Corollarie 1.6.4.
- ^ Proof: for all f in A.
- ^ Grothendieck & Dieudonné 1960, Ch. I, Corollaire 1.2.4.
- ^ Grothendieck & Dieudonné 1960, Ch. I, 1.2.2.3.
- ^ Vakil 2014, Exercise 6.5.A
- ^ Vakil 2014, A paragraph after Exercise 6.5.B
References
- Grothendieck, Alexandre; Dieudonné, Jean (1960). "Éléments de géométrie algébrique: I. Le langage des schémas". Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS. 4. doi:10.1007/bf02684778. MR 0217083.
- Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157
- Milne, Review of Algebraic Geometry at Algebraic Groups: The theory of group schemes of finite type over a field.
- Vakil, Ravi (30 December 2014), Foundations of Algebraic Geometry (PDF) (Draft ed.)