Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus | |
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Nyctophilus geoffroyi | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Chiroptera |
Family: | Vespertilionidae |
Tribe: | Vespertilionini |
Genus: | Nyctophilus Leach, 1821[1] |
Type species | |
Nyctophilus geoffroyi Leach, 1821 | |
Species | |
See text |
Nyctophilus is a genus of the vespertilionids or vesper bats. They are often termed Australian big-eared bats or long-eared bats, as the length of their ears often greatly exceeds that of the head. They are sometimes colloquially called “Monbats”.:This genus occurs in the New Guinean-Australian region.
Taxonomy
The first description of the genus was published in 1821 by William Elford Leach.[1] The name Nyctophilus means night-loving and is derived from the combination of Ancient Greek nyktos and philos.[2]
The type species of the genus is Nyctophilus geoffroyi, the lesser long-eared bat.[3] A monograph on the genus, published by Robert Fisher Tomes in 1858, cited two earlier descriptions, the species assumed by Tomes as the type for Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Leach, and incorporated the similar Vespertilio timoriensis Geoffroy as a new generic combination. Two new species were also named, Nyctophilus gouldi and Nyctophilus unicolor, both based on specimens supplied by John Gould.[4] The availability of the name Nyctophilus timoriensis is uncertain and recognised or excluded in some treatments, following a revision and new taxa published in 2009.[5][6] This followed the 2008 publication of unknown taxa noted as Nyctophilus sp., subspecies of T. timoriensis or new and separate species.[6]
An arrangement within the family Vespertilionidae, the common evening bats, separates the genus to the subfamilial taxon Vespertilioninae and the tribe Nyctophilini, allied to the monotypic genus of Pharotis imogene, a species also found in New Guinea. A taxon proposed in 1968, Lamingtona McKean & Calaby, is a synonym for the genus.[3] An attempt to reclassify the group as Barbastellus Gray, 1829, which the author John Edward Gray later revised to include a type in 1831, is also synonymous with Nyctophilus Leach, 1821.[6]
The relationships between the species were first outlined in 1941, an arrangement that identified four interspecific groups. One of these alliances was the problematic timoriensis group, including the dubiously named N. timoriensis with N. major, N. sherrini and N. gouldi. Three other groups were named although with slight descriptions: bifax group (bifax and daedalus); geoffroyi group (with australis, pacificus, unicolor and pallescens); and microtis group (microtis, bicolor and walkeri).[5]
Description
A genus of the common and widely dispersed bat family Vespertilionidae, the common, evening bats. They are found in Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia, and lack extensive research into their diverse forms and habits.
The species have a body arrangement that resembles the horseshoe bat family Rhinolophidae, but distinguished by ears that exceed the length of the head. The upper half of the ear is markedly ribbed at the inner surface. The muzzle of these species is short and tail features are typical of the family.[7] The species have small appendages at the nostrils, similar to the larger ornamented structures of bats using nasally emitted constant frequency sound in echolocation. The often plain faced vespertilionid genera use frequency modulated echolocation, emitted orally, but this genus—and possibly the North American genus Antrozous—is confirmed to use sound via the nostril apparatus.[8]
The species may present twin births, unlike the single births of most microbat genera.[9]
Diversity
Taxa within this genus, sometimes described as 'long-eared bats', are:
- Greater long-eared bat, Nyctophilus timoriensis. A number of similar populations, tentatively distinguished or formally described, are referred to as the "Nyctophilus timoriensis complex", a group allied by similarity to this species and later typifications.[7] Doubt regarding the type location, the epithet and author of Vespertilio timoriensis indicating the origin as Timor, was noted since early revisions of the genus.[4][5]
However, this nomenclaturally uncertain taxon is provisionally excluded at the Australian Faunal Directory,[6] which instead recognises new taxa that emerged from comparative study of molecular and morphological research (Parnaby, 2009).[5]
- Northern long-eared bat, Nyctophilus arnhemensis[10]
- Eastern long-eared bat, Nyctophilus bifax[11]
- Corben's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus corbeni[5]
- Pallid long-eared bat, Nyctophilus daedalus[11]
- Lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi[1]
- Subsp. N. g. geoffroyi
- Subsp. N. g. pacificus
- Subsp. N. g. pallescens
- Gould's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi
- Sunda long-eared bat, Nyctophilus heran
- Holt's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus holtorum[12]
- † Lord Howe long-eared bat, Nyctophilus howensis (extinct)[13]
- Western long-eared bat, Nyctophilus major
- Subsp. N. m. major
- Subsp. N. m. tor
- Small-toothed long-eared bat, Nyctophilus microdon
- New Guinea long-eared bat, Nyctophilus microtis
- New Caledonian long-eared bat, Nyctophilus nebulosus[14]
- Tasmanian long-eared bat, Nyctophilus sherrini
- Mt. Missim long-eared bat, Nyctophilus shirleyae
- Pygmy long-eared bat, Nyctophilus walkeri
Populations identified as Nyctophilus include unnamed species (Andrews, 2015),
- Nyctophilus sp, undescribed, south-eastern long-eared bat; allied to the 'greater long-eared' timoriensis complex. An uncommon bat found in a variety of woodlands in the Murray-Darling Basin, where suitable tree hollows and well defined canopy and understory provide a specialised habitat. The species is most abundant in Pilliga Scrub.[7]
- Nyctophilus sp, undescribed, central long-eared bat; a distinct form, also resembling those of the timoriensis complex. A microbat found in semi-arid regions of Western Australia, from the Goldfields district to the Eyre Peninsula. The flight is a agile fluttering patrol, as with others of the complex, but is also noted as surveying from a perch and taking prey at the ground. They favour grasslands, such as spinifex, and wood or shrublands and mallee habitat. They reside in foliage, hollows, and under bark. They have been observed at the Nullarbor National Park in South Australia, and Western Australian nature reserves Nuytsland and Dundas.[7]
References
- D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2005: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
- ^ a b c Leach, William Elford (1821). "IX. The Characters of seven Genera of Bats with foliaceous Appendages to the Nose". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 13: 73–82. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00056.x. ISSN 1945-9432.
- ^ Strahan, Ronald; Conder, Pamela (2007). Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643100060.
- ^ a b Jackson, S.M.; Groves, C. (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. p. 267. ISBN 9781486300136.
- ^ a b Tomes, R.F. (1858). "A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1858 (26): 25–37. ISSN 0370-2774.
- ^ a b c d e Parnaby, H. E. (January 2009). "A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa". Australian Zoologist. 35 (1): 39–81. doi:10.7882/AZ.2009.005.
- ^ a b c d "Genus Nyctophilus Leach, 1821". Australian Faunal Directory. biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d Andrew, D. (2015). Complete Guide to Finding the Mammals of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 330. ISBN 9780643098145.
- ^ Hall, L.S.; Woodside, D.P. (1989). "42. Vespertilionidae". Fauna of Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service. ISBN 9780644060561.
- ^ Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012). A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift. CSIRO Pub. ISBN 9780643103740.
- ^ Johnson, D.H. (1959). "Four new mammals from the Northern Territory of Australia". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 72: 183–187. ISSN 0006-324X.
- ^ a b Thomas, Oldfield (1915). "Notes on the genus Nyctophilus". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 15 (89): 493–499. doi:10.1080/00222931508693662. ISSN 0374-5481.
- ^ Parnaby, Harry E.; King, Andrew G.; Eldridge, Mark D. B. (2021-05-19). "A new bat species from southwestern Western Australia, previously assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858". Records of the Australian Museum. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
- ^ McKean, John L. (1975). "Bats of Lord Howe Island with the description of a new Nyctophiline bat". Journal of the Australian Mammal Society. 1 (4): 329–32.
- ^ Parnaby, H. E. (2002). "A new species of long-eared bat (Nyctophilus: Vespertilionidae) from New Caledonia". Australian Mammalogy. 23 (2): 115–124. doi:10.1071/am01115. ISSN 1836-7402. S2CID 87537165.
- v
- t
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- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Chiroptera
- Family: Vespertilionidae
- Hoary bat (A. cinereus)
- Big red bat (A. egregius)
- Hawaiian hoary bat (A. semotus)
- A. villosissimus
- Banana serotine(A. nanus)
- Collared pipistrelle (A. aureocollaris)
- Black-gilded pipistrelle (A. circumdatus)
- Coppery pipistrelle (A. cuprosus)
- Social pipistrelle (A. societatis)
- Necklace pipistrelle (A. torquatus)
- Western barbastelle (B. barbastellus)
- Beijing barbastelle (B. beijingensis)
- Eastern barbastelle (B. darjelingensis)
- Asian barbastelle (B. leucomelas)
- Van Gelder's bat (B. dubiaquercus)
- Large-eared pied bat (C. dwyeri)
- Gould's wattled bat (C. gouldii)
- Chocolate wattled bat (C. morio)
- New Caledonia wattled bat (C. neocaledonicus)
- Hoary wattled bat (C. nigrogriseus)
- Little pied bat (C. picatus)
- New Zealand long-tailed bat (C. tuberculatus)
- Mexican big-eared bat (C. mexicanus)
- Rafinesque's big-eared bat (C. rafinesquii)
- Townsend's big-eared bat (C. townsendii)
- Southern yellow bat (D. ega)
- Cuban yellow bat (D. insularis)
- Northern yellow bat (D. intermedius)
- Western yellow bat (D. xanthinus)
- E. anatolicus
- Little black serotine (E. andinus)
- Bobrinski's serotine (E. bobrinskoi)
- Botta's serotine (E. bottae)
- Brazilian brown bat (E. brasiliensis)
- E. chiriquinus
- Diminutive serotine (E. diminutus)
- Surat serotine (E. dimissus)
- Horn-skinned bat (E. floweri)
- Argentine brown bat (E. furinalis)
- Big brown bat (E. fuscus)
- Gobi big brown bat (E. gobiensis)
- Guadeloupe big brown bat (E. guadeloupensis)
- Long-tailed house bat (E. hottentotus)
- Harmless serotine (E. innoxius)
- E. isabellinus
- E. japonensis
- Kobayashi's bat (E. kobayashii)
- E. lobatus
- Sind bat (E. nasutus)
- Northern bat (E. nilssonii)
- E. ognevi
- E. pachyomus
- Thick-eared bat (E. pachyotis)
- Lagos serotine (E. platyops)
- Serotine bat (E. serotinus)
- E. taddeii
- Sombre bat (E. tatei)
- Spotted bat (E. maculatum)
- Disk-footed bat (E. denticulus)
- Chocolate pipistrelle (F. affinis)
- Western false pipistrelle (F. mackenziei)
- Pungent pipistrelle (F. mordax)
- Peters's pipistrelle (F. petersi)
- Eastern false pipistrelle (F. tasmaniensis)
- Allen's striped bat (G. alboguttata)
- Silvered bat (G. argentata)
- Beatrix's bat (G. beatrix)
- Curry's bat (G. curryae)
- Bibundi bat (G. egeria)
- Glen's wattled bat (G. gleni)
- Allen's spotted bat (G. humeralis)
- Kenyan wattled bat (G. kenyacola)
- Machado's butterfly bat (G. machadoi)
- Abo bat (G. poensis)
- Variegated butterfly bat (G. variegata)
- G. aquilus
- G. bucephalus
- Javan thick-thumbed bat (G. javanus)
- Common thick-thumbed bat (G. tylopus)
- Blanford's bat (H. blanfordi)
- False serotine bat (H. doriae)
- Gaskell's false serotine (H. gaskelli)
- Tickell's bat (H. tickelli)
- Large false serotine (H. tomesi)
- Strange big-eared brown bat (H. alienus)
- H. diaphanopterus
- Humboldt big-eared brown bat (H. humboldti)
- Thomas's big-eared brown bat (H. laephotis)
- Big-eared brown bat (H. macrotus)
- Southern big-eared brown bat (H. magellanicus)
- Small big-eared brown bat (H. montanus)
- Tropical big-eared brown bat (H. velatus)
- H. alaschanicus
- H. anthonyi
- Arabian pipistrelle (H. arabicus)
- Desert pipistrelle (H. ariel)
- H. bemainty
- Cadorna's pipistrelle (H. cadornae)
- Broad-headed pipistrelle (H. crassulus)
- Long-toothed pipistrelle (H. dolichodon)
- Eisentraut's pipistrelle (H. eisentrauti)
- Brown pipistrelle (H. imbricatus)
- Joffre's pipistrelle (H. joffrei)
- Red-brown pipistrelle (H. kitcheneri)
- Lanza's pipistrelle (H. lanzai)
- Burma pipistrelle (H. lophurus)
- Big-eared pipistrelle (H. macrotis)
- Mouselike pipistrelle (H. musciculus)
- Chinese pipistrelle (H. pulveratus)
- Savi's pipistrelle (H. savii)
- Vordermann's pipistrelle (H. vordermanni)
- Great evening bat (I. io)
- Allen's big-eared bat (I. phyllotis)
- Angolan long-eared bat (L. angolensis)
- Botswanan long-eared bat (L. botswanae)
- Namib long-eared bat (L. namibensis)
- De Winton's long-eared bat (L. wintoni)
- Silver-haired bat (L. noctivagans)
- L. arequipae
- L. atratus
- Desert red bat (L. blossevillii)
- Eastern red bat (L. borealis)
- Tacarcuna bat (L. castaneus)
- Jamaican red bat (L. degelidus)
- Hairy-tailed bat (L. ebenus)
- Western red bat (L. frantzii))
- Minor red bat (L. minor)
- Pfeiffer's red bat (L. pfeifferi)
- Saline red bat (L. salinae)
- Seminole bat (L. seminolus)
- Cinnamon red bat (L. varius)
- Moloney's mimic bat (M. moloneyi)
- Dark-brown serotine (N. brunnea)
- Cape serotine (N. capensis)
- Yellow serotine (N. flavescens)
- N. grandidieri
- Tiny serotine (N. guineensis)
- N. isabella
- Isalo serotine (N. malagasyensis)
- Malagasy serotine (N. matroka)
- Melck's house bat (N. melckorum)
- Rendall's serotine (N. rendalli)
- N. robertsi
- Rosevear's serotine (N. roseveari)
- Somali serotine (N. somalica)
- N. stanleyi
- White-winged serotine (N. tenuipinnis)
- Zulu serotine (N. zuluensis)
- Pied bat (N. superba)
- Birdlike noctule (N. aviator)
- Azores noctule (N. azoreum)
- Nyctalus furvus (N. furvus)
- Greater noctule bat (N. lasiopterus)
- Lesser noctule (N. leisleri)
- Mountain noctule (N. montanus)
- Common noctule (N. noctula)
- Chinese noctule (N. plancyi)
- Schlieffen's bat (N. schlieffeni)
- Temminck's mysterious bat (N. aenobarbus)
- Cuban evening bat (N. cubanus)
- Evening bat (N. humeralis)
- Northern long-eared bat (N. arnhemensis)
- Eastern long-eared bat (N. bifax)
- N. corbeni
- N. daedalus
- Lesser long-eared bat (N. geoffroyi)
- Gould's long-eared bat (N. gouldi)
- Sunda long-eared bat (N. heran)
- Lord Howe long-eared bat (N. howensis)
- N. major
- Small-toothed long-eared bat (N. microdon)
- New Guinea long-eared bat (N. microtis)
- New Caledonian long-eared bat (N. nebulosus)
- Tasmanian long-eared bat (N. sherrini)
- Mount Missim long-eared bat (N. shirleyae)
- Greater long-eared bat (N. timoriensis)
- Pygmy long-eared bat (N. walkeri)
- Desert long-eared bat (O. hemprichii)
- Otonycteris leucophaea (O. leucophaea)
- Western pipistrelle (P. hesperus)
- Eastern pipistrelle (P. subflavus)
- New Guinea big-eared bat (P. imogene)
- Rohu's bat (P. brachypterus)
- Japanese house bat (P. abramus)
- Forest pipistrelle (P. adamsi)
- Mount Gargues pipistrelle (P. aero)
- Anchieta's pipistrelle (P. anchietae)
- Angulate pipistrelle (P. angulatus)
- Kelaart's pipistrelle (P. ceylonicus)
- Greater Papuan pipistrelle (P. collinus)
- Indian pipistrelle (P. coromandra)
- P. dhofarensis
- Egyptian pipistrelle (P. deserti)
- Endo's pipistrelle (P. endoi)
- P. hanaki
- Dusky pipistrelle (P. hesperidus)
- Aellen's pipistrelle (P. inexspectatus)
- Java pipistrelle (P. javanicus)
- Kuhl's pipistrelle (P. kuhlii)
- Madeira pipistrelle (P. maderensis)
- Minahassa pipistrelle (P. minahassae)
- Christmas Island pipistrelle (P. murrayi)
- Tiny pipistrelle (P. nanulus)
- Nathusius's pipistrelle (P. nathusii)
- Lesser Papuan pipistrelle (P. papuanus)
- Mount Popa pipistrelle (P. paterculus)
- Dar es Salaam pipistrelle (P. permixtus)
- Common pipistrelle (P. pipistrellus)
- Soprano pipistrelle (P. pygmaeus)
- P. raceyi
- Rüppell's pipistrelle (P. rueppellii)
- Rusty pipistrelle (P. rusticus)
- Narrow-winged pipistrelle (P. stenopterus)
- Sturdee's pipistrelle (P. sturdeei)
- Least pipistrelle (P. tenuis)
- Watts's pipistrelle (P. wattsi)
- Northern pipistrelle (P. westralis)
- P. ariel
- Brown long-eared bat (P. auritus)
- Grey long-eared bat (P. austriacus)
- Ethiopian big-eared bat (P. balensis)
- P. begognae
- Christie's big-eared bat (P. christiei)
- P. gaisleri
- P. homochrous
- Kolombatovic's long-eared bat (P. kolombatovici)
- P. kozlovi
- Alpine long-eared bat (P. macrobullaris)
- Ognev's long-eared bat (P. ognevi
- Japanese long-eared bat (P. sacrimontis)
- Sardinian long-eared bat (P. sardus)
- P. strelkovi
- Taiwan big-eared bat (P. taivanus)
- Canary big-eared bat (P. teneriffae)
- P. turkmenicus
- P. wardi
- Yucatan yellow bat (R. aeneus)
- Allen's yellow bat (R. alleni)
- Bickham's little yellow bat (R. bickhami)
- Genoways's yellow bat (R. genowaysi)
- Slender yellow bat (R. gracilis)
- Husson's yellow bat (R. hussoni)
- Thomas's yellow bat (R. io
- Menchu's little yellow bat (R. menchuae)
- Tiny yellow bat (R. minutilla)
- Least yellow bat (R. mira)
- Little yellow bat (R. parvula)
- Black-winged little yellow bat (R. tumida)
- R. velilla
- Rüppell's broad-nosed bat (S. rueppellii)
- White-bellied lesser house bat (S. albigula)
- Light-winged lesser house bat (S. albofuscus)
- Hinde's lesser house bat (S. hindei)
- Dark-winged lesser house bat (S. hirundo)
- Desert yellow bat (S. pallidus)
- Harlequin bat (S. ornatus)
- S. alvenslebeni
- Andrew Rebori's house bat (S. andrewreborii)
- Lesser yellow bat (S. borbonicus)
- Sulawesi yellow bat (S. celebensis)
- Sody's yellow house bat (S. collinus)
- African yellow bat (S. dinganii)
- Ejeta's house bat (S. ejetai)
- Greater Asiatic yellow bat (S. heathii)
- Lesser Asiatic yellow bat (S. kuhlii)
- White-bellied yellow bat (S. leucogaster)
- Livingstone's house bat (S. livingstonii)
- Marovaza house bat (S. marovaza)
- Schreber's yellow bat (S. nigrita)
- S. nigritellus
- Robbins's yellow bat (S. nucella)
- Nut-colored yellow bat (S. nux)
- Robust yellow bat (S. robustus)
- S. tandrefana
- Trujillo’s house bat (S. trujilloi)
- Greenish yellow bat (S. viridis)
- Inland broad-nosed bat (S. balstoni)
- Little broad-nosed bat (S. greyii)
- Eastern broad-nosed bat (S. orion)
- Northern broad-nosed bat (S. sanborni)
- Dormer's bat (S. dormeri)
- T. fulvida
- T. malayana
- Lesser bamboo bat (T. pachypus)
- Pygmy bamboo bat (T. pygmaeus)
- Greater bamboo bat (T. robustula)
- T. tonkinensis
- Inland forest bat (V. baverstocki)
- Northern cave bat (V. caurinus)
- Large forest bat (V. darlingtoni)
- Yellow-lipped bat (V. douglasorum)
- Finlayson's cave bat (V. finlaysoni)
- Eastern forest bat (V. pumilus)
- Southern forest bat (V. regulus)
- Eastern cave bat (V. troughtoni)
- Little forest bat (V. vulturnus)
- Parti-coloured bat (V. murinus)
- Asian particolored bat (V. sinensis)