Otto Kittel
Otto Kittel | |
---|---|
![]() Kittel as Oberfeldwebel | |
Born | (1917-02-21)21 February 1917 Kronsdorf, Sudetenland, Austria-Hungary |
Died | 14 or 16 February 1945 (aged 27) Džūkste, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union |
Cause of death | Killed in action |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Service/ | Luftwaffe |
Years of service | 1939–1945 |
Rank | Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) |
Unit | JG 54 |
Commands | 3./JG 54, 2./JG 54, I./JG 54 EJGr Ost |
Battles/wars | See battles World War II
|
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Otto Kittel (21 February 1917 – 14 or 16 February 1945) was a German fighter pilot during World War II. He flew 583 combat missions on the Eastern Front, claiming 267 aerial victories, making him the fourth highest scoring ace in aviation history according to authors John Weal and Jerry Scutts.[1][2] Kittel claimed all of his victories against the Red Air Force.[3]
Kittel joined the Luftwaffe in 1939, and, in spring 1941, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) supporting Army Group North on the Eastern Front. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 October 1943, for reaching 120 aerial victories. During the remainder of World War II, Kittel was credited with 144 more aerial victories and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. He was shot down by Soviet aircraft and killed in February 1945. Kittel was the most successful German fighter pilot to be killed in action.[4]
Personal life
Kittel was born on 21 February 1917 in Kronsdorf in Sudeten Silesia, Austria-Hungary, present-day Krasov. He was the son of Eduard Kittel, a farmer.[5] After working briefly as an auto mechanic, Kittel joined the Luftwaffe in 1939.[6] Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training,[Note 1] he was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) on 12 February 1941.[8] Kittel married his fiancé, Edith, in June 1942; the couple had a son, born in 1942.[9]
World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. At the time of Kittel's posting to 2. Staffel in early 1941, the squadron was commanded by Oberleutnant Rudolf Unger and subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 54 headed by Hauptmann Hubertus von Bonin. The Gruppe was based at Groningen Airfield in the Netherlands where they patrolled the German Bight.[10] Unlike the other elements of JG 54, I. Gruppe did not participate in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and stayed in Groningen until 9 May when they relocated to Jever Airfield in northern Germany. On 31 May, due to technical problems with his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 12725—factory number) Kittel was forced to bail out near Spiekeroog. On 14 June, the Gruppe was withdrawn and began preparations for the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[11]
War against the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. In the fortnight prior, JG 54 had been moved to an airfield in Lindenthal near Rautenberg, East Prussia, present-day Uslowoje in Kaliningrad Oblast. Tasked with supporting Army Group North in its advance through the Baltic states towards Leningrad, the unit began combat operations shortly afterwards.[12] On 24 June 1941, Kittel claimed his first two aerial victories, two Tupolev SB-2 bombers.[13] His tally had risen to 19 by May 1942.[14]
In mid-December 1942, I. Gruppe began converting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 radial engine powered fighter. The conversion training took place at Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, before returning to Krasnogvardeysk, present-day Gatchina.[15] On 12 January 1943, Soviet forces launched Operation Iskra fought south of Lake Ladoga and aimed to break the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad. The Soviet operation was supported by bomber, ground-attack and fighter aircraft. That day, I. Gruppe pilots claimed 36 aerial victories, including Kittel's first "ace-in-a-day" achievement when he shot down six Soviet aircraft on two separate combat missions.[16] On 19 February, Kittel claimed his 39th aerial victory which was also JG 54's 4,000th claim in total.[17][18] On 15 March 1943, Kittel's Fw 190 A-4 (Werknummer 2481) suffered engine failure resulting in a forced landing behind enemy lines. He managed to return to his unit on foot.[19]
During the fighting in 1943, JG 54 took part in the spring battles over the Crimea Peninsula, Vyazma-Bryansk, Vitebsk, Kharkov, Orsha and Orel regions. During the Battle of Kursk, Kittel's unit escorted Junkers Ju 87 Stukas of a dive bomber wing commanded by Hans-Ulrich Rudel.[20] On 14 September 1943, Kittel claimed his 100th aerial victory, a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter.[21] The 53rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark,[22] he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 29 October 1943.[23] The presentation was made after the 123rd aerial victory at Vitebsk.[24] On 1 November 1943, Kittel was promoted to the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant).[25] Kittel was then posted to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost, a supplementary training unit for fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. At the time, the unit was commanded by Major Viktor Bauer and was based at Saint-Jean-d'Angély, France.[25]
Squadron leader
On 9 February 1944, Kittel was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 54. He succeeded Leutnant Günther Haase who had been killed in a flying accident on 30 January. At the time, I. Gruppe of JG 54 to which 3. Staffel was subordinated was based at Orsha.[26] On 14 February, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Wesenberg near Rakvere, located approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Lake Peipus and 105 kilometers (65 miles) west of Narva. Here the Gruppe was subordinated to the 3. Flieger-Division (3rd Air Division) and fought in the Battle of Narva.[27]
On 4 April 1944, Kittel claimed his 150th aerial victory. Shortly before 08:00, I. Gruppe was scrambled at Wesenberg and intercepted a flight of Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft and their fighter escort over sea off Kunda. In this aerial encounter which was fought for 20 minutes, I. Gruppe pilots claimed thirteen aerial victories, four Il-2s and nine fighter aircraft, including five claims by Kittel, taking his total to 151.[28] On 11 April, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) for his 152nd aerial victory, the 449th soldier to receive this distinction. Kittel received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler at the Berghof on 5 May 1944. Also present at the ceremony were Anton Hafner, Alfred Grislawski, Günther Schack, Emil Lang, Erich Rudorffer, Martin Möbus, Wilhelm Herget, Hans-Karl Stepp, Rudolf Schoenert, Günther Radusch, Otto Pollmann and Fritz Breithaupt, who all received the Oak Leaves on this date.[29]
On 2 August, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Šķirotava, located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) southeast of Riga.[30] Flying from Šķirotava, Kittel claimed his 200th aerial victory on 26 August.[31] On 29 May 1944, 2. Staffel of I. Gruppe had been detached and subordinated to III. Gruppe of JG 54 which was fighting on the Western Front in defense of the Reich over Germany. In consequence, on 1 September 1944 a new 2. Staffel was formed and placed under the command of Kittel. Command of 3. Staffel was then given to Leutnant Fritz Tegtmeier.[32] In October, Hauptmann Franz Eisenach, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe was given home leave. In consequence, Kittel temporarily led the Gruppe during his absence.[33] Kittel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) on 25 November 1944.[34]
On 16 February 1945, Kittel was shot down in his Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 960282) southwest of Tukums over the Courland Pocket.[35] He was hit by return fire from an Il-2 ground attack aircraft.[36] His wingman later reported that his aircraft was hit, descended towards the ground on fire and crashed in flames.[37] The site of the crash is believed to have been 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) south-west of Džūkste in Latvia.[38]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Kittel was credited with 267 aerial victories.[39] Spick also lists him with 267 aerial victories, all on the Eastern Front, claimed in 583 combat missions.[40] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 265 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[41]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44793". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[42]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Kittel an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Kittel did not receive credit. This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | |||||||||
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[43] | |||||||||
1 | 24 June 1941 | 05:19 | SB-2[13] | 64 | 9 July 1943 | 12:13 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63533[44] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk | |
2 | 24 June 1941 | 05:42 | SB-2[13] | 65 | 10 July 1943 | 07:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63718[44] 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | |
— | 30 June 1941 | — | Il-2 | vicinity of Dünaburg | 66 | 10 July 1943 | 13:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 st 63521[45] 15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
— | 30 June 1941 | — | Il-2 | vicinity of Dünaburg | 67 | 13 July 1943 | 10:41 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63283[45] 45 km (28 mi) southeast of Oryol |
3 | 6 July 1941 | 15:36 | SB-2[13] | 68 | 13 July 1943 | 10:44 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63259[45] 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Oryol | |
4 | 18 August 1941 | 06:00 | I-18 (MiG-1)[46] | 69 | 13 July 1943 | 10:45 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63256[45] 45 km (28 mi) southeast of Oryol | |
5 | 19 August 1941 | 14:36 | DB-3[46] | 70 | 13 July 1943 | 13:41 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63251[45] 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Oryol | |
6 | 24 August 1941 | 11:07 | DB-3[47] | 71 | 16 July 1943 | 08:04 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 54483[45] 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Bolkhov | |
7 | 8 September 1941 | 16:25 | R-5 | 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Lake Schinskoje[47] | 72 | 16 July 1943 | 09:41 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 54357[45] 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Zhizdra |
8 | 8 September 1941 | 16:50 | I-153?[47][Note 2] | 73 | 16 July 1943 | 09:42 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 54327[45] 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Zhizdra | |
9 | 12 September 1941 | 06:00 | I-153?[47][Note 2] | 74 | 17 July 1943 | 06:32?[Note 3] | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 54478[50] 25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Bolkhov | |
10 | 21 September 1941 | 16:58 | I-18 (MiG-1) | Leningrad[47] | 75 | 17 July 1943 | 13:10?[Note 4] | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 54684[50] 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Karachev |
11 | 13 October 1941 | 14:18 | I-18 (MiG-1)[51] | 76 | 20 July 1943 | 12:38 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 64878[50] 25 km (16 mi) south of Mtsensk | |
12 | 13 December 1941 | 12:45 | DB-3[52] | 77 | 20 July 1943 | 12:56 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 64873[50] 25 km (16 mi) south of Mtsensk | |
13 | 27 February 1942 | 08:36 | I-16[53] | 78 | 27 July 1943 | 12:39 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44634[50] 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Karachev | |
14 | 20 March 1942 | 17:07 | P-40[54] | 79 | 28 July 1943 | 08:53 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 54591[50] 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Karachev | |
15 | 20 March 1942 | 17:09 | P-40[54] | 80 | 28 July 1943 | 08:54 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 54563[50] 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Karachev | |
16 | 14 May 1942 | 15:17 | SB-2[55] | 81 | 1 August 1943 | 14:18 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 54621[50] 20 km (12 mi) west of Bolkhov | |
17 | 14 May 1942 | 15:18 | SB-2[56] | 82 | 2 August 1943 | 04:23 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 54793[50] 25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Karachev | |
18 | 23 August 1942 | 09:20 | Il-2 | PQ 47871[57] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Zubtsov | 83 | 2 August 1943 | 14:39 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 53621[50] 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Dmitrovsk |
19 | 7 September 1942 | 11:46 | Il-2 | PQ 00522[58] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gatchina | 84 | 2 August 1943 | 14:41 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 53652[50] 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Dmitrovsk |
20 | 23 September 1942 | 12:10 | I-16 | PQ 21733[59] 30 km (19 mi) north of Volkhov | 85 | 3 August 1943 | 08:47 | P-39 | PQ 35 Ost 53473[60] 25 km (16 mi) east of Dmitrovsk |
21 | 22 October 1942 | 09:08 | Il-2 | PQ 2152[59] | 86 | 3 August 1943 | 15:03 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 54814[60] 35 km (22 mi) west-southwest of Bolkhov |
22♠ | 12 January 1943 | 10:32 | Yak-1 | PQ 00252[61] 15 km (9.3 mi) east-northeast of Schlüsselburg | 87♠ | 4 August 1943 | 11:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 44463[60] 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Zhizdra |
23♠ | 12 January 1943 | 10:34 | Il-2 | PQ 00231[61] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Schlüsselburg | 88♠ | 4 August 1943 | 11:54 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 54572[60] 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Karachev |
24♠ | 12 January 1943 | 10:44 | U-2 | PQ 10163[61] southeast of Schlüsselburg | 89♠ | 4 August 1943 | 15:13 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 54841[60] 40 km (25 mi) east of Karachev |
25♠ | 12 January 1943 | 10:56 | Il-2 | PQ 10132[61] east of Schlüsselburg | 90♠ | 4 August 1943 | 15:26 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44832[60] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Karachev |
26♠ | 12 January 1943 | 14:20 | I-153 | PQ 00284[61] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg | 91♠ | 4 August 1943 | 18:19 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 44833[60] vicinity of Karachev |
27♠ | 12 January 1943 | 14:25 | Il-2 | PQ 10192[61] east of Mga | 92♠ | 4 August 1943 | 18:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 54833[60] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Karachev |
28 | 14 January 1943 | 11:15 | La-5 | PQ 10243[62] 25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Schlüsselburg | 93♠ | 4 August 1943 | 18:21 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 44664[60] 25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Karachev |
29 | 16 January 1943 | 10:30 | Il-2 | PQ 00264[62] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg | 94 | 5 August 1943 | 14:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 54712[60] 15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Karachev |
30 | 24 January 1943 | 09:46 | La-5 | PQ 10161[63] southeast of Schlüsselburg | 95 | 7 September 1943 | 08:14 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 26683[64] 25 km (16 mi) north of Yartsevo |
31 | 26 January 1943 | 13:45 | Il-2 | PQ 00264[65] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg | 96 | 7 September 1943 | 10:58 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 26213[64] 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Shatalovka |
32 | 11 February 1943 | 09:42 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 00424[66] Pushkin-Mga | 97 | 10 September 1943 | 15:08 | P-40 | PQ 35 Ost 26473[21] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Maklok |
33 | 14 February 1943 | 13:20 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 10531[66] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Lubań | 98 | 11 September 1943 | 11:01?[Note 5] | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 44124[21] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Kirov |
34 | 14 February 1943 | 13:45 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 10612[66] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Lubań | 99 | 12 September 1943 | 09:27 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 45871[21] 20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Kirov |
35 | 15 February 1943 | 08:28 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 00462[66] 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tosno | 100 | 14 September 1943 | 16:12 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 26642[21] 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Moschna |
36 | 19 February 1943 | 13:06 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 10421[67] 35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Mga | 101 | 14 September 1943 | 16:37?[Note 6] | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 25654[21] 20 km (12 mi) east of Shatalovka |
37 | 19 February 1943 | 15:17 | La-5 | PQ 36 Ost 10612[67] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Lubań | 102 | 14 September 1943 | 16:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 35573[21] 30 km (19 mi) south-southwest of Yelnya |
38 | 19 February 1943 | 15:19 | I-180 (Yak-7) | PQ 36 Ost 10472[67] 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Lubań | 103 | 15 September 1943 | 13:38?[Note 7] | Pe-2 | PQ 35 Ost 35341[21] 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Yelnya |
39 | 19 February 1943 | 15:22 | Pe-2 | PQ 36 Ost 10422[67] 35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Mga | 104 | 15 September 1943 | 13:40 | Pe-2?[Note 8] | PQ 35 Ost 35311[21] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Smolensk |
40 | 21 February 1943 | 07:40 | I-16 | PQ 36 Ost 00293[67] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Mga | 105 | 30 September 1943 | 14:04 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 16873[68] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Andrejewo |
41 | 7 March 1943 | 07:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 18221[69] 25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa | 106 | 5 October 1943 | 08:09 | Yak-9 | PQ 35 Ost 02734[68] |
42 | 7 March 1943 | 08:05 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 19663[69] 35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Novgorod | 107 | 5 October 1943 | 12:09 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 02673[68] 55 km (34 mi) northeast of Zelenogorsk |
43 | 10 March 1943 | 14:27 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 19891[69] 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa | 108 | 11 October 1943 | 14:41 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 06242[68] |
44 | 10 March 1943 | 14:32 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 19822[69] 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa | 109 | 12 October 1943 | 11:13 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15552[70] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki |
45 | 14 March 1943 | 14:58 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 18211[69] 20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa | 110 | 12 October 1943 | 11:15 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15553, Leninsk[70] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki |
46 | 14 March 1943 | 15:02 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 19891[69] 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa | 111 | 12 October 1943 | 14:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15554[70] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki |
47 | 15 March 1943 | 09:35 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 19892[69] 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa | 112 | 13 October 1943 | 10:11 | R-5 | PQ 35 Ost 15354, north-northwest of Krassnyj[70] north-northeast of Krassnoye |
48 | 1 April 1943 | 11:03 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 10873[71] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Chudovo | 113 | 14 October 1943 | 08:05 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15523 northeast of Gorki[70] |
49 | 1 April 1943 | 17:34 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 10364[71] 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mga | 114 | 14 October 1943 | 08:06 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15551 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki[70] |
50 | 11 June 1943 | 18:07 | La-5 | PQ 36 Ost 00162[72] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Leningrad | 115 | 15 October 1943 | 07:37 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 06243, northwest of Usswjaty[70] |
51 | 18 June 1943 | 17:11 | P-40 | PQ 36 Ost 20152[73] southwest of Volkhov | 116 | 15 October 1943 | 07:38 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 06243, northwest of Usswjaty[70] |
52 | 22 June 1943 | 02:19 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 00514[73] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Gatchina | 117 | 15 October 1943 | 08:04 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 06814[70] |
53 | 22 June 1943 | 02:21 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 00382[73] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Gatchina | 118 | 15 October 1943 | 14:15 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 15713, south of Gorki[70] |
54 | 24 June 1943 | 06:47 | P-40 | PQ 36 Ost 10253[73] 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Schlüsselburg | 119 | 17 October 1943 | 12:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 06144, southeast of Nevel[70] |
55 | 24 June 1943 | 06:49 | P-40 | PQ 36 Ost 10234[73] 35 km (22 mi) west of Volkhov | 120 | 19 October 1943 | 07:14 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 06214, Lake Ssennitza[70] |
56 | 5 July 1943 | 04:20 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63684[74] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Voltcansk | 121 | 22 October 1943 | 08:14 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 15351, 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Orsha[70] |
57 | 5 July 1943 | 12:02 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63714, Nikolskoje[74] 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | 122 | 23 October 1943 | 13:08 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 05493[75] |
58 | 5 July 1943 | 12:40 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63434[74] 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | 123 | 28 October 1943 | 15:25 | LaGG-3 | southwest of Gomel[75] |
59 | 5 July 1943 | 12:41 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63781[74] 35 km (22 mi) north of Kursk | 124 | 5 November 1943 | 09:23 | Il-2 | northwest of Nevel[75] |
60 | 7 July 1943 | 05:16 | P-40 | PQ 35 Ost 63674[44] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Maloarkhangelsk | 125 | 5 November 1943 | 09:25 | Il-2 | southwest of Nevel[75] |
61 | 7 July 1943 | 11:08 | P-39 | PQ 35 Ost 53834[44] 55 km (34 mi) north-northwest of Kursk | 126 | 5 November 1943 | 14:42 | LaGG-3 | northwest of Lake Ssennitza[75] northwest of Lake Jzenniza |
62 | 7 July 1943 | 11:10 | P-40 | PQ 35 Ost 63743[44] 20 km (12 mi) north of Maloarkhangelsk | 127 | 6 November 1943 | 12:10 | Il-2 | south-southeast of Nevel[75] |
63 | 9 July 1943 | 11:59 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63594[44] 20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | |||||
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[76] | |||||||||
128 | 5 March 1944 | 08:28?[Note 9] | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70692[78] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Narva | 168 | 30 June 1944 | 19:46 | Il-2 | PQ PS-2/8[79] |
?[Note 10] | 6 March 1944 | 09:41 | La-5[77] | 169 | 30 June 1944 | 19:49 | Il-2 | PQ PS-5/9[79] | |
129 | 7 March 1944 | 11:29?[Note 11] | Il-2 | PQ 26 Ost 70454[78] Baltic Sea 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Hungerburg | 170 | 1 July 1944 | 07:16 | P-39 | PQ OS-2/7[79] Novorzhev/Pskov |
130 | 7 March 1944 | 11:45 | Yak-9?[Note 12] | PQ 26 Ost 70413[78] Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Hungerburg | 171 | 2 July 1944 | 17:20 | P-39 | PQ OS-9/6[79] Novorzhev/Pskov |
131 | 8 March 1944 | 12:33 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 89144[78] 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Narva | 172 | 3 July 1944 | 11:43 | P-39 | PQ OS-6/7[79] Novorzhev/Pskov |
132 | 8 March 1944 | 12:35 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70874[78] 25 km (16 mi) south of Slancy | 173 | 3 July 1944 | 11:45 | Il-2 | PQ OS-6/1[79] Novorzhev/Pskov |
133 | 19 March 1944 | 16:27 | Yak-9?[Note 12] | PQ 25 Ost 70332[81] Lake Peipus | 174 | 4 July 1944 | 10:46 | Il-2 | PQ OS-7/2[79] vicinity of Polotsk |
134 | 19 March 1944 | 16:28 | Yak-9 | PQ 26 Ost 70451[81] Lake Peipus | 175 | 4 July 1944 | 15:46 | P-39 | PQ PS-2/4[79] vicinity of Polotsk |
135 | 26 March 1944 | 11:06 | R-5 | PQ 25 Ost 79284[81] vicinity of Lake Peipus | 176 | 10 July 1944 | 15:44 | P-39 | PQ NM-2/9[79] south of Subat |
136 | 26 March 1944 | 11:17?[Note 13] | R-5 | PQ 25 Ost 79291[81] vicinity east of Lake Peipus | 177 | 16 July 1944 | 08:02 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 43495[79] |
137 | 26 March 1944 | 15:13 | Yak-9 | PQ 26 Ost 70381[81] 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Narva | 178 | 16 July 1944 | 09:34 | Il-2 | PQ OO-7/1[79] |
138 | 28 March 1944 | 11:10?[Note 14] | Yak-9 | PQ 26 Ost 70323[81] Baltic Sea 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Kunda | 179 | 18 July 1944 | 16:47 | Yak-9 | PQ JR-7/6[79] south of Ostrov |
139 | 30 March 1944 | 08:25 | Pe-2 | PQ 26 Ost 70254[81] Baltic Sea 75 km (47 mi) northeast of Kunda | 180 | 18 July 1944 | 17:01?[Note 15] | Yak-9 | PQ HR-8/3[79] south of Ostrov |
140 | 30 March 1944 | 08:59?[Note 16] | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70352[81] Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Kunda | 181 | 21 July 1944 | 09:20 | Il-2 | PQ OL-2/5[79] northwest of Utsyani |
141 | 30 March 1944 | 15:28 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70441[81] Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Hungerburg | 182 | 21 July 1944 | 09:23 | Yak-9 | PQ OL-5/9[79] northwest of Utsyani |
142 | 1 April 1944 | 08:10 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 98534[81] 30 km (19 mi) west of Gorodok | 183 | 21 July 1944 | 14:45 | Yak-9 | PQ ON-1/4[79] |
143 | 2 April 1944 | 08:43 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70393[82] Gulf of Finland | 184 | 22 July 1944 | 15:54 | Il-2 | PQ NN-3/4[83] vicinity of Daugavpils |
144 | 2 April 1944 | 09:03?[Note 17] | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70393[82] Gulf of Finland | 185 | 22 July 1944 | 15:55 | Il-2 | PQ NN-6/4[83] vicinity of Daugavpils |
145 | 2 April 1944 | 15:20 | Pe-2 | PQ 26 Ost 60552[82] northeast of Kunda | 186 | 22 July 1944 | 15:57 | Il-2 | PQ NN-9/5[83] vicinity of Daugavpils |
146 | 2 April 1944 | 15:22 | Pe-2 | PQ 26 Ost 60434[82] northeast of Kunda | 187 | 24 July 1944 | 15:43 | Pe-2 | PQ NL-3/7[83] |
147♠ | 4 April 1944 | 08:10 | Il-2 | PQ 26 Ost 60332[82] Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kunda | 188 | 24 July 1944 | 15:46 | Pe-2 | PQ NL-8/1[83] |
148♠ | 4 April 1944 | 08:11 | Il-2 | PQ 26 Ost 60333[82] Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kunda | 189 | 29 July 1944 | 13:23 | Il-2 | PQ OL-3/4[83] vicinity of Svedasai |
149♠ | 4 April 1944 | 08:14 | LaGG-3 | PQ 26 Ost 70342[82] northwest of Kunda | 190 | 29 July 1944 | 13:27 | Il-2 | PQ OL-6/2[83] vicinity of Svedasai |
150♠ | 4 April 1944 | 08:15?[Note 18] | LaGG-3 | PQ 26 Ost 70343[82] northwest of Kunda | 191 | 1 August 1944 | 15:15 | Yak-9 | PQ KH-4/9[83] |
151♠ | 4 April 1944 | 08:30 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70537[82] Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) west of Hungerburg | 192 | 1 August 1944 | 15:17 | Yak-9 | PQ KH-8/2[83] |
152 | 24 April 1944 | 17:17 | Yak-9 | PQ 26 Ost 70434[82] Baltic Sea 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Kunda | 193 | 1 August 1944 | 19:47 | Yak-9 | PQ LH-1/5[83] |
153 | 24 April 1944 | 17:29 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70274[82] Baltic Sea 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Hungerburg | 194 | 7 August 1944 | 19:00 | Yak-9 | PQ KN-8/1/9[84] northeast of Kreuzburg |
154 | 26 May 1944 | 19:07 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 80321[85] Baltic Sea north-northeast of Hungerburg | 195 | 15 August 1944 | 09:26 | Yak-9 | PQ LJ-5/2[84] |
155 | 30 May 1944 | 13:46?[Note 19] | Pe-2 | PQ 26 Ost 7063[85] | 196 | 15 August 1944 | 17:39 | Yak-9 | PQ LJ-9/5[84] |
156 | 30 May 1944 | 21:03 | La-5 | PQ 26 Ost 70491[85] Baltic Sea 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Hungerburg | 197 | 15 August 1944 | 18:17 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47556[84] |
157 | 2 June 1944 | 10:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 26 Ost 80714[85] 20 km (12 mi) south of Narva | 198 | 17 August 1944 | 08:39 | Pe-2 | PQ LL-6/3[84] |
158 | 5 June 1944 | 20:33 | Yak-9 | PQ 26 Ost 70252[85] Baltic Sea 75 km (47 mi) northeast of Kunda | 199 | 25 August 1944 | 08:47 | P-39 | PQ LH-5/6[84] |
159?[Note 20] | 6 June 1944 | 10:25 | P-39 | PQ 26 Ost 80971[85] | 200 | 26 August 1944 | 10:09 | Yak-9 | PQ KG-9/7[86] |
160♠ | 28 June 1944 | 10:18 | Il-2 | PQ QT-1/4[85] | 201 | 26 August 1944 | 13:54 | La-5 | PQ LH-4/4[86] |
161♠ | 28 June 1944 | 10:20 | P-39 | PQ PT-2/3[85] | 202 | 27 August 1944 | 13:06?[Note 21] | Il-2 | PQ LJ-9/7[86] |
162♠ | 28 June 1944 | 10:22 | Il-2 | PQ OT-8/1[85] | 203 | 28 August 1944 | 11:24 | Yak-9 | PQ JM-5/3[86] |
163♠ | 28 June 1944 | 10:29 | P-39 | PQ PT-1/2[85] | 204 | 28 August 1944 | 11:26 | Yak-9 | PQ JM-6/2[86] |
164♠ | 28 June 1944 | 14:32 | Il-2 | PQ PT-8/8[85] | 205 | 28 August 1944 | 11:27 | Yak-9 | PQ JM-3/7[86] |
165 | 29 June 1944 | 13:23 | P-39 | PQ OT-8/1[85] | 206 | 31 August 1944 | 17:46 | Il-2 | PQ KG-3/2[86] west of Mitau |
166 | 30 June 1944 | 11:38?[Note 22] | P-39 | PQ OT-7/7[85] | 207 | 31 August 1944 | 17:47 | Il-2 | PQ KG-3/4[86] west of Mitau |
167 | 30 June 1944 | 18:49?[Note 23] | Yak-9 | PQ PS-8/1[79] | 208 | 31 August 1944 | 17:49 | Il-2 | PQ KG-6/3[86] west of Mitau |
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[88] | |||||||||
?[Note 10] | 14 September 1944 | 10:40 | Yak-9 | 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Walk[87] | 237 | 10 October 1944 | 09:12 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47131[89] 20 km (12 mi) east of Riga |
209♠ | 14 September 1944 | 10:53 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 66156[86] 40 km (25 mi) east of Weissenstein | 238 | 10 October 1944 | 09:12 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47131[89] 20 km (12 mi) east of Riga |
210♠ | 14 September 1944 | 14:50 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 57251[90] 40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg | 239 | 14 October 1944 | 11:02 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 46832[89] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga |
211♠ | 14 September 1944 | 14:51 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 57251[90] 40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg | 240 | 16 October 1944 | 11:02 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 37345[89] 40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Tukkum |
212♠ | 14 September 1944 | 14:52 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 57258[90] 40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg | 241 | 16 October 1944 | 11:04 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 37329[89] 25 km (16 mi) south of Tukkum |
213♠ | 14 September 1944 | 14:54?[Note 24] | Il-2?[Note 24] | PQ 25 Ost 57253[90] 40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg | 242 | 16 October 1944 | 14:26 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 37343[89] 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Mitau |
214 | 15 September 1944 | 15:39 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47377[90] 45 km (28 mi) south of Riga | 243 | 16 October 1944 | 14:28 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 37388[89] 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Mitau |
215 | 15 September 1944 | 15:40 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 37495[90] 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Mitau | 244 | 17 October 1944 | 13:17 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 37554[89] 40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Mitau |
216 | 16 September 1944 | 17:12 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47518[90] 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Pasewalk | 245 | 18 October 1944 | 13:36 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 27582[89] 30 km (19 mi) north of Telšiai |
217 | 17 September 1944 | 08:39 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47383[90] 45 km (28 mi) south-southeast of Riga | 246 | 18 October 1944 | 13:37 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 27554[89] 45 km (28 mi) north of Telšiai |
218 | 17 September 1944 | 08:40 | P-39 | PQ 25 Ost 47389[90] 45 km (28 mi) south-southeast of Riga | 247 | 22 October 1944 | 15:50 | Il-2?[Note 25] | PQ 25 Ost 17646[89] 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Libau |
219 | 17 September 1944 | 08:41 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47522[92] 40 km (25 mi) north of Pasewalk | 248♠ | 27 October 1944 | 09:50 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 27642[89] 45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Telšiai |
220 | 20 September 1944 | 11:10 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 47324[92] 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga | 249♠ | 27 October 1944 | 09:51 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 27565[89] 45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Telšiai |
221 | 20 September 1944 | 11:12 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 47372[92] 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga | 250♠ | 27 October 1944 | 09:57 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17625[89] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau |
222 | 22 September 1944 | 10:15 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 47323[92] 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga | 251♠ | 27 October 1944 | 11:48 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17485[89] 40 km (25 mi) east of Libau |
223 | 28 September 1944 | 11:30 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47291[92] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Riga | 252♠ | 27 October 1944 | 11:50 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 27543[89] 25 km (16 mi) south of Libau |
224 | 28 September 1944 | 11:30 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47264[92] 30 km (19 mi) south of Mālpils | 253♠ | 27 October 1944 | 13:24 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17574[89] 45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Telšiai |
225 | 28 September 1944 | 11:37 | Pe-2 | PQ 25 Ost 57181[92] 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Mālpils | 254♠ | 27 October 1944 | 13:32 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17651[93] 45 km (28 mi) southeast of Libau |
226 | 28 September 1944 | 11:38 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 57184[92] 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Mālpils | 255♠ | 29 October 1944 | 09:42 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17488[93] 40 km (25 mi) east of Libau |
227 | 30 September 1944 | 11:35 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 57174[92] 30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Mālpils | 256♠ | 29 October 1944 | 09:45 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17491[93] 45 km (28 mi) south of Goldingen |
228 | 30 September 1944 | 11:36 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47268[92] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Riga | 257♠ | 29 October 1944 | 11:57 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17624[93] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau |
229 | 30 September 1944 | 11:38 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 57154[92] 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mālpils | 258♠ | 29 October 1944 | 12:09 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17497[93] 45 km (28 mi) south of Goldingen |
230 | 7 October 1944 | 15:10 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost 48697[92] 20 km (12 mi) west of Wenden | 259♠ | 29 October 1944 | 12:10 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17623[93] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau |
231♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:55 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 48782[89] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga | 260♠ | 29 October 1944 | 12:11 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 27628[93] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau |
232♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:56 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 48765[89] 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Riga | 261 | 30 October 1944 | 13:22 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 27541[93] 45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Telšiai |
233♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:58 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 48789[89] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga | 262 | 30 October 1944 | 13:52 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17489[93] 40 km (25 mi) east of Libau |
234♠ | 9 October 1944 | 13:02 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47741[89] 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Riga | 263 | 30 October 1944 | 15:26 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 17622[93] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau |
235♠ | 9 October 1944 | 13:04 | Il-2 | PQ 25 Ost 47571[89] 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Riga | 264 | 19 November 1944 | 15:26?[Note 26] | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 29754[93] |
236 | 10 October 1944 | 09:11 | La-5 | PQ 25 Ost 47139[89] 20 km (12 mi) east of Riga | — | 14 February 1945 | — | Il-2 | vicinity of Dzukste |
Awards
- Wound Badge in Black[94]
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 21 December 1942 as Feldwebel and pilot[95]
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "500"[94]
- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge[94]
- German Cross in Gold on 18 March 1943 as Feldwebel in the 2./Jagdgeschwader 54[96][Note 27]
- Iron Cross (1939)
- 2nd Class (30 June 1941)[98]
- 1st Class (October 1941)[98]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Knight's Cross on 29 October 1943 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the 2./Jagdgeschwader 54[99][Note 28]
- 449th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1944 as Leutnant (war officer) pilot in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 54[34][100]
- 113th Swords on 25 November 1944 as Oberleutnant (war officer) and Staffelkapitän of the 2./Jagdgeschwader 54[34][101]
Notes
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[7]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[48]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 06:35.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:16.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:05.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:38.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:28.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[49]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:29.[77]
- ^ a b This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Balke and Bock.[80]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:27.[77]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-1.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:07.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:11.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:05.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:30.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:01.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:18.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:17.[77]
- ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:00.[87]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:12.[77]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:40.[77]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed over a Yakovlev Yak-9 at 14:53.[87]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-3.[91]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:40.[91]
- ^ According to Thomas on 26 February 1943.[97]
- ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the I./JG 54.[34]
References
Citations
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 123.
- ^ Scutts 1992, p. 145.
- ^ Sims 1970, p. 174.
- ^ Bergström 2008, p. 103.
- ^ Constable & Toliver 1968, p. 220.
- ^ Stockert 2007, p. 105.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Mitcham & Mueller 2012, p. 195.
- ^ Kurowski 2007, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 115–117.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 116, 121, 238.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 199.
- ^ Weal 1998, p. 16.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 76–77, 96.
- ^ Weal 1998, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Page 2020, p. 12.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 102, 189.
- ^ Bergström 2007, p. 106.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 184.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
- ^ Scutts 1992, p. 101.
- ^ Weal 2001, pp. 105–106.
- ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 106.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 375–376, 393.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 315.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 325, 382.
- ^ Stockert 2007, pp. 107, 109, 134.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 342.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 346.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 330, 348, 375.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 375.
- ^ a b c d Scherzer 2007, p. 444.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 39.
- ^ Hannig 2012, p. 148.
- ^ Weal 1998, p. 84.
- ^ Stockert 2007, p. 108.
- ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 328.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 227.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 634–639.
- ^ Planquadrat.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 634–637.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 177.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 178.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 202.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 634.
- ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 636.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2012, p. 179.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 203.
- ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 199.
- ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 200.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 202.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 85.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 86.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 91.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 93.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 94.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 180.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 96.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 98.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 99.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 183.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 100.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 169.
- ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 170.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 185.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 171.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2012, p. 186.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 173.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 175.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 176.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 187.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 637–638.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 637.
- ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2022, p. 380.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Prien et al. 2022, p. 384.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 380, 387.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 381.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 382.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 385.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2022, p. 386.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2022, p. 383.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 387.
- ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 638.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 638–639.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Prien et al. 2022, p. 390.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2022, p. 388.
- ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 639.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2022, p. 389.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 391.
- ^ a b c Berger 1999, p. 152.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 117.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 230.
- ^ Thomas 1997, p. 367.
- ^ a b Kurowski 2007, p. 149.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 257.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 81.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 46.
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- Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/III—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/III—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-07-9.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Balke, Ulf; Bock, Winfried (2022). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/II—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/II—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-28-4.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Scutts, Jerry (1992). JG 54: Jagdgeschwader 54 Grunherz: Aces of the Eastern Front. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-87938-718-1.
- Sims, Edward (1970). The Greatest Aces. New York: Ballantine Books. OCLC 1349435.
- Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces: The Jadgflieger and their Combat Tactics and Techniques. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
- Stockert, Peter (2007). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945] (in German). Vol. V. Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
- Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945: A–K] (in German). Vol. I. Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
- Weal, John (1998) [1995]. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 6. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-518-0.
- Weal, John (2001). Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 6. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-286-9.
- Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.
External links
- Henning, Bastian (4 April 2015). "An einem Waldrand enden die Spuren" [The Tracks end at the Edge of a Forest]. Badische Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 February 2016.
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