Paranthias
Paranthias | |
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Paranthias furcifer | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Serranidae |
Subfamily: | Epinephelinae |
Tribe: | Epinephelini |
Genus: | Paranthias Guichenot, 1868[1] |
Type species | |
Serranus furcifer Valenciennes, 1828[1] | |
Species | |
See text. | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Paranthias is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, groupers from the subfamily Epinephelinae, part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. They are found in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Characteristics
The species in the genus Paranthias are unique among the groupers in that they have a relatively small mouth, the upper jaw being more protrusible than that of other groupers, with small teeth and many elongated gill rakers, and a fusiform body which ends in a deeply forked caudal fin. These departures from the more normal morphology of groupers are adaptations for feeding on zooplankton in open water. They are visual hunters which pick off zooplankton from the middle of the water column and they have a relatively short snout which allows them to employ binocular vision. They are social fish which are normally seen in diurnal feeding aggregations, diving to shelter in the reef when threatened.[2] They reach a maximum total length of 30–36 centimetres (12–14 in).[3]
Distribution
The two species in the genus Paranthias each occur in different oceans, the creole-fish (P. furcifer) is found mainly in the warmer waters of the western Atlantic Ocean but its range extends to Ascension Island and the islands in the Gulf of Guinea in the eastern Atlantic. The Pacific creole-fish occurs in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific Ocean.[2]
Taxonomy
The genus Paranthias was created in 1863 by the American ichthyologist Theodore Nicholas Gill (1837–1914) as a monotypic genus containing only the type species Serranus furcifer[1] and for a long period the Pacific creole-fish was considered conspecific with the creole-fish.[2]
Species
It contains the following species:[3]
- Paranthias colonus (Valenciennes, 1846) (Pacific creole-fish)
- Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828) (Creole-fish)
References
- ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Paranthias". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 281–282. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Paranthias in FishBase. December 2019 version.
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- Alphestes afer
- Alphestes immaculatus
- Alphestes multiguttatus
- Rusty hind (C. aitha)
- Blue-Spotted Grouper (C. argus)
- Golden hind (C. aurantia)
- Chocolate hind (C. boenak)
- Graysby (C. cruentata)
- Bluespotted hind (C. cyanostigma)
- Bluelined hind (C. formosa)
- Coney (C. fulva)
- Yellowfin hind (C. hemistiktos)
- Neptune grouper (C. igarashiensis)
- Leopard grouper (C. leopardus)
- Freckled hind (C. microprion)
- Vermillion seabass (C. miniata)
- Niger hind (C. nigri)
- Vermilion hind (C. oligosticta)
- Pacific Graysby (C. panamensis)
- (C. polleni)
- Cephalopholis polyspila
- Six-blotch hind (C. sexmaculata)
- Tomato hind (C. sonnerati)
- Strawberry grouper (C. spiloparaea)
- Blue Spotted Sea Bass | (C. taeniops)
- Darkfin hind (C. urodeta)
- marbled grouper (D. inermis)
- smooth grouper (D. striolata)
- Areolate grouper (E. areolatus)
- Atlantic goliath grouper (E. itajara)
- Banded grouper (E. amblycephalus)
- Barred-chest grouper (E. faveatus)
- Black-dotted grouper (E. stictus)
- Blacksaddle grouper (E. howlandi)
- Blacktip grouper (E. fasciatus)
- Blue and yellow grouper (E. flavocaeruleus)
- Bridled grouper (E. heniochus)
- Brown-marbled grouper (E. fuscoguttatus)
- Brownspotted grouper (E. chlorostigma)
- Camouflage grouper (E. polyphekadion)
- Catface grouper (E. andersoni)
- Clipperton grouper (E. clippertonensis)
- Cloudy grouper (E. erythrurus)
- Comet grouper (E. morrhua)
- Coral grouper (E. corallicola)
- Dogtooth grouper (E. caninus)
- Dot-dash grouper (E. poecilonotus)
- Dotted grouper (E. epistictus)
- Dungat grouper (E. goreensis)
- Dusky grouper (E. marginatus)
- Duskytail grouper (E. bleekeri)
- Epaulet grouper (E. stoliczkae)
- Foursaddle grouper (E. spilotoceps)
- Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus)
- Goldblotch grouper (E. costae)
- Greasy grouper (E. tauvina)
- Halfmoon grouper (E. rivulatus)
- Highfin grouper (E. maculatus)
- Honeycomb grouper (E. merra)
- Hong Kong grouper (E. akaara)
- Longfin grouper (E. quoyanus)
- Longspine grouper (E. longispinis)
- Longtooth grouper (E. bruneus)
- Malabar grouper (E. malabaricus)
- Maori grouper (E. undulatostriatus)
- Marquesan grouper (E. irroratus)
- Moustache grouper (E. chabaudi)
- Multispotted grouper (E. gabriellae)
- Mystery grouper (E. lebretonianus)
- Nassau grouper (E. striatus)
- Netfin grouper (E. miliaris)
- Oblique-banded grouper (E. radiatus)
- Olive grouper (E. cifuentesi)
- One-blotch grouper (E. melanostigma)
- Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides)
- Pacific Goliath grouper (E. quinquefasciatus)
- Palemargin grouper (E. bontoides)
- Plump grouper (E. trophis)
- Potato grouper (E. tukula)
- Red grouper (E. morio)
- Red hind (E. guttatus)
- Red-tipped grouper (E. retouti)
- Reticulate grouper (E. tuamotuensis)
- Rock grouper (E. fasciatomaculosus)
- Rock hind (E. adscensionis)
- Saddletail grouper (E. daemelii)
- Seamount grouper (E. suborbitalis)
- Sixbar grouper (E. sexfasciatus)
- Smallscaled grouper (E. polylepis)
- Snubnose grouper (E. macrospilos)
- Somali grouper (E. indistinctus)
- Speckled blue grouper (E. cyanopodus)
- Speckled grouper (E. magniscuttis)
- Speckled hind (E. drummondhayi)
- Spinycheek grouper (E. diacanthus)
- Spotted grouper (E. analogus)
- Starry grouper (E. labriformis)
- Starspotted grouper (E. hexagonatus)
- Striped grouper (E. latifasciatus)
- Striped-fin grouper (E. posteli)
- Summan grouper (E. summana)
- Surge grouper (E. socialis)
- Threespot grouper (E. trimaculatus)
- Tonga grouper (E. chlorocephalus)
- Twinspot grouper (E. bilobatus)
- Wavy-lined grouper (E. undulosus)
- White grouper (E. aeneus)
- White-blotched grouper (E. multinotatus)
- White-dotted grouper (E. polystigma)
- White-edged grouper (E. albomarginatus)
- Whitespotted grouper (E. coeruleopunctatus)
- White-streaked grouper (E. ongus)
- Yellow grouper (E. awoara)
- Yellowspotted grouper (E. timorensis)
- Hyporthodus acanthistius (Rooster hind)
- Hyporthodus darwinensis (Darwin grouper)
- Hyporthodus ergastularius (Sevenbar grouper)
- Hyporthodus exsul (Tenspine grouper)
- Hyporthodus flavolimbatus (Yellowedge grouper)
- Hyporthodus haifensis (Haifa grouper)
- Hyporthodus mystacinus (Misty grouper)
- Hyporthodus nigritus (Warsaw grouper)
- Hyporthodus niphobles (Star-studded grouper)
- Hyporthodus niveatus (Snowy grouper)
- Hyporthodus octofasciatus (Eightbar grouper)
- Hyporthodus perplexus (Puzzling grouper)
- Hyporthodus quernus (Hawaiian grouper)
- Hyporthodus septemfasciatus (Convict grouper)
- Black grouper (M. bonaci)
- Venezuelan grouper (M. cidi)
- Gulf grouper (M. jordani)
- Gag grouper (M. microlepis)
- Sailfin grouper (M. olfax)
- Sawtail grouper (M. prionura)
- Leopard grouper (M. rosacea)
- Mottled grouper (M. rubra)
- Tiger grouper (M. tigris)
- Broomtail grouper (M. xenarcha)
- Yellowfin grouper (M. venenosa)
- Scamp grouper (M. phenax)
- Yellowmouth grouper (M. interstitialis)
- Pacific creole-fish (P. colonus)
- Creole-fish (P. furcifer )
- Plectropomus areolatus
- Plectropomus laevis
- Plectropomus leopardus
- Plectropomus maculatus
- Plectropomus oligacanthus
- Plectropomus pessuliferus
- Plectropomus punctatus