Peace of Nikolsburg
The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov, signed on 31 December 1621 in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic), was the treaty which ended the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire. Under the chief negotiators of the treaty were Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff and Nikolaus Esterházy de Galántha.[1][2]
History
To take advantage of Ferdinand's preoccupation with the Bohemian Revolt at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, Bethlen invaded Habsburg-controlled Royal Hungary in 1618 and fully conquered its north until 1620.[3] Although a peace was settled in January 1620 giving Bethlen 13 counties in eastern Royal Hungary, the prince resumed the war in September. Ferdinand's defeat of the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in November allowed him to focus his forces on Bethlen, and the emperor was able to reconquer most of Royal Hungary by 1621. Because Bethlen did not distribute the confiscated property of Catholic noblemen to his Protestant noblemen as he had promised, they rescinded their support. These setbacks, as well as Bethlen's lack of support from the Ottoman Empire, led Bethlen and Ferdinand to seek terms in Nikolsburg.
In return for Bethlen's renunciation of any claims to the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ferdinand agreed to observe the conditions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1606, which had granted full freedom of worship to Protestants in Transylvania and agreed on the summoning of a general diet within six months. In addition, Bethlen secured the (purely formal) title of "Imperial Prince" (of Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River (in present-day Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary, and Romania), the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács, and Ecsed, and a duchy in Silesia. The treaty gave Ferdinand peace in the east and allowed him to focus his forces on subduing the Rhenish Palatinate.
The Peace of Nikolsburg was confirmed by the Treaty of Vienna in 1624 and the Third Peace of Pressburg in 1626.
See also
References
- ^ Kampmann, Christoph (2016), "Trauttmansdorff, Maximilian Graf von", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 26, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 376–378; (full text online)
- ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Esterházy of Galántha" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 794.
- ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Bethlen, Gabriel" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 829–830.
External links
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Bethlen, Gabriel" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 829–830.
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Esterházy of Galántha" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 794.
- v
- t
- e
- Personal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102)
- Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167)
- Concordat of 1161
- Concordat of 1169
- Oath of Bereg (1233)
- Treaty of Pressburg (1271)
- Treaty of Enns (1336)
- Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351)
- Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352)
- Treaty of Zara (1358)
- Treaty of Lubowla (1412)
- Peace of Szeged (1444)
- Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463)
- Treaty of Ófalu (1474)
- Treaty of Brno (1478)
- Treaty of Piotrków (1479)
- Peace of Olomouc (1479)
- Treaty of Pressburg (1491)
- First Congress of Vienna (1515)
reconquest and Napoleonic Wars
(1526–1848)
- Franco-Hungarian alliance (1526)
- Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538)
- Treaty of Gyalu (1541)
- Confessio Pentapolitana (1549)
- Treaty of Speyer (1570)
- Treaty of Szatmár (1711)
| |
| |
|
to the end of World War I (1848–1922)
- Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
- Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
- League of the Three Emperors (1873)
- Treaty of Bern (1874)
- Reichstadt Agreement (1876)
- Budapest Convention of 1877 (1877)
- Treaty of Berlin (1878)
- Dual Alliance (1879)
- Triple Alliance (1882)
- Boxer Protocol (1901)
- Treaty of London (1913)
- Armistice of Focșani (1917)
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918)
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
- Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
- Armistice of Villa Giusti (1918)
- Treaty of Trianon (1920)
- Armistice with Romania (1920)
- Bill of dethronement (1921)
- U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
- Covenant of the League of Nations (1922)
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)
- Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–89)
- Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–)