Philosophers' ships
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 919 articles in the main category, and specifying
|topic=
will aid in categorization. - Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Философский пароход]]; see its history for attribution.
- You may also add the template
{{Translated|ru|Философский пароход}}
to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oberburgermeister_Haken.jpg/290px-Oberburgermeister_Haken.jpg)
The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers (Russian: философский пароход) were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922.
The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg) to the seaport of Stettin in Germany (modern-day Szczecin in Poland). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students.
Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul.
Among the expelled
- Vladimir Abrikosov
- Yuly Aikhenvald
- Nikolai Berdyaev
- Boris Brutskus
- Sergei Bulgakov
- Valentin Bulgakov
- Semyon Frank
- Ivan Ilyin
- Abram Saulovich Kagan [ru] (university lecturer/publisher; father of architect Anatol Kagan)
- Lev Karsavin (the brother of ballerina Tamara Karsavina; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a gulag in Komi, where he died in 1952)
- Alexander Kiesewetter [ru]
- Ivan Lapshin [ru]
- Nikolai Lossky
- Mikhail Osorgin
- Pitirim Sorokin (train)
- Fyodor Stepun
- Prince Serge Troubetzkoy [ru]
- Boris Vysheslavtsev
Literature
- Catherine Baird. Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny, 2013, ISBN 9780986219900 (with bio List of the Deported)
- Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia, St Martin's Press, 2007; ISBN 0-312-36730-9
- V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. (Sud’by intelligencii, repressirovannoj letom-osen’ju 1922g.)». // Voprosy filosofii 7 (600) 2003, p. 113-137 [contains a list with biographical information on Russian intellectuals exiled 1922-1923].
- v
- t
- e