Planet Hunters
![]() | |
Type of site | Volunteer Scientific Project |
---|---|
Available in | English |
Owner | Planet Hunters Team |
Created by | Planet Hunters Team |
URL | www |
Commercial | No |
Registration | Optional |
Launched | 16 December 2010; 13 years ago (2010-12-16) |
Current status | Ongoing |
Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite.[1][2] It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University,[3] as part of the Zooniverse project.[4]
History
Planet Hunters and Planet Hunters 2.0
The project was launched on December 16, 2010, after the first Data Release of Kepler data as the Planet Hunters Project.[5] 300,000 volunteers participated in the project and the project team published 8 scientific papers. On December 14, 2014, the project was re-launched as Planet Hunters 2.0, with an improved website and considering that the volunteers will look at K2 data.[6] As of November 2018 Planet Hunters had identified 50% of the known planets with an orbital period larger than two years.[7]
Non-Planet Hunters project: Exoplanet Explorers
In 2017 the project Exoplanet Explorers was launched. It was another planet hunting project at Zooniverse and discovered the system K2-138 and the exoplanet K2-288Bb. This project was launched during the television program Stargazing Live and the discovery of the K2-138 system was announced during the program.[8]
Planet Hunters TESS (PHT)
On December 6, 2018, the project Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) was launched and is led by astronomer Nora Eisner. This project uses data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and is currently active (as of March 2023).[2] This project discovered the Saturn-sized exoplanet TOI-813 b[9][10] and many more.
Until March 2023 PHT discovered 284 exoplanet candidates (e.g. TIC 35021200.01[11]), 15 confirmed exoplanets (e.g. TOI-5174 b[12][13]) and countless eclipsing binaries. All discovered exoplanet candidates are uploaded to ExoFOP by Nora Eisner or sometimes by another project member (see TOI and CTOI list provided by ExoFOP[14]).
All exoplanet candidates are manually checked by multiple project members (volunteers and moderators) and need to pass different tests before they are accepted by Nora Eisner and uploaded to ExoFOP. But it is possible that not all PHT planet candidates become real (confirmed) exoplanets. Some of them may be grazing eclipsing binaries.
Planet Hunters: NGTS
On October 19, 2021, the project Planet Hunters: NGTS was launched. It uses a dataset from the Next Generation Transit Survey to find transiting planets. It is the first Planet Hunters project that uses data from a ground-based telescope. The project looks at candidates that were already automatically filtered, similar to the Exoplanet Explorers project.[15] The project found four candidate planets so far.[16] In the pre-print five candidates are presented. This includes a giant planet candidate around TIC-165227846, a mid-M dwarf.[17] This candidate was independently detected by Byrant et al. 2023[18] and if confirmed could represent the lowest-mass star to host a close-in giant.[17]
Planet hunting
The Planet Hunters project exploits the fact that humans are better at recognising visual patterns than computers. The website displays an image of data collected by the NASA Kepler Space Mission and asks human users (referred to as "Citizen Scientists") to look at the data and see how the brightness of a star changes over time. This brightness data is represented as a graph and referred to as a star's light curve. Such curves are helpful in discovering extrasolar planets due to the brightness of a star decreasing when a planet passes in front of it, as seen from Earth.[19] Periods of reduced brightness can thus provide evidence of planetary transits, but may also be caused by errors in recording, projection, or other phenomena.[20]
Special occurrence
Eclipsing binary stars
From time to time, the project will observe eclipsing binary stars. Essentially these are stars that orbit each other. Much as a planet can interrupt the brightness of a star, another star can too. There is a noticeable difference on the light curves. It will appear as a large transit (a large dip) and a smaller transit (a smaller dip).[21][22]
Multiplanet systems
As of December 2017, there are a total of 621 multiplanet systems, or stars that contains at least two confirmed planets.[23] In a multiplanet system plot, there are many different patterns of transit. Due to the different sizes of planets, the transits dip down to different points.[24]
Stellar flares
Stellar flares are observed when there is an explosion on the surface of a star. This will cause the star's brightness to shoot up considerably, with a steep drop off.[25]
Discoveries
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/TOI-813_b.jpg/240px-TOI-813_b.jpg)
So far, over 12 million observations have been analyzed. Out of those, 34 candidate planets had been found as of July 2012.[26] In October 2012 it was announced that two volunteers from the Planet Hunters initiative had discovered a novel Neptune-like planet which is part of a four star double binary system, orbiting one of the pairs of stars while the other pair of stars orbits at a distance of around 1000 AU. This is the first planet discovered to have a stable orbit in such a complex stellar environment. The system is located 7200 light years away,[27] and the new planet has been designated PH1b, short for Planet Hunters 1 b.[28][29]
# | circumbinary planet |
§ | Planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system (S-class or Satellite-class planet) |
‡ | Host star with a Planetary system (two or more planets) |
Yellow indicates a circumbinary planet. Light green indicates planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system. Light blue indicates host stars with a planetary system consisting of two or more planets. Values for the host stars are acquired via SIMBAD[30] and otherwise are cited. The apparent magnitude represents the V magnitude.
Planet | Mass (MJ) | Radius (RJ) | Orbital period (d) | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital ecc. | Inclin. (°) | Star | Constell. | App. mag. | Distance (ly) | Spectral type | Year of confirmation | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH1b# (Kepler-64b) | <0.531 | 0.55 | 138.3 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 90.1 | Kepler-64 | Cygnus | 13.718 | 7200 | F/M | 2012 | [29][31] |
PH2b (Kepler-86b) | <80.0 | 0.9 | 282.5255 | 0.828 | 0.12 - 0.49 | 89.8 | Kepler-86 | Cygnus | 12.699 | 1200 | ~G4 | 2013 | [32][33][34] |
PH3b (Kepler-289b) | 0.002 - 0.04 | 0.19 | 34.545 | 0.2 | 89.6 | Kepler-289‡ | Cygnus | 14.144 | 2300 | 2014 | [35][36][33] | ||
PH3c (Kepler-289c) | 0.4 | 1.03 | 125.85 | 0.5 | 89.8 | [35][37] | |||||||
PH3d (Kepler-289d) | 0.01 | 0.24 | 66.1 | 0.3 | 89.7 | [35][38] | |||||||
WASP-47d | 0.04 | 0.32 | 9.031 | 0.07 - 0.1 | <0.014 | 89.3 | WASP-47‡ | Aquarius | 11.9 | 870 | G9V | 2015 | [39][40][41] |
WASP-47e | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.7896 | 0.02 | 0.01 - 0.07 | 86.0 | [39][40][42] | ||||||
Kepler-455b | 0.6 | 1311.1 - 1708.4 | 90.0 | Kepler-455 | Cygnus | 14.355 | 4100 | 2015 | [43][44][33] | ||||
Kepler-456b | 0.2 - 2.9 | 1167.6 - 13,721.9 | 89.8 | Kepler-456 | Lyra | 12.819 | 2500 | F5V | 2015 | [45][44][33] | |||
Kepler-457b | 0.2 - 0.6 | 31.81 | 89.3 | Kepler-457‡ | Lyra | 14.331 | 3600 | 2015 | [46][44][33] | ||||
Kepler-457c | 0.1 - 0.4 | 74.1 - 114.1 | 89.7 | [47][44] | |||||||||
Kepler-458b | 0.4 | 572.38 | 89.8 | Kepler-458‡ | Cygnus | 14.083 | 5500 | F6IV | 2015 | [48][44][33] | |||
Kepler-459b | 0.5 | 854.08 | 89.9 | Kepler-459 | Lyra | 15.487 | 5000 | 2015 | [49][44][33] | ||||
Kepler-460b§ | 0.6 | 440.78 | 89.9 | Kepler-460‡ | Lyra | 13.827 | 4300 | F6IV | 2015 | [50][44][27][33] | |||
TOI-813 b | 0.60 | 83.89 | 0.42 | 89.6 | TOI-813 | Dorado | 10.286 | 870 | G0 IV | 2020 | [51][9] | ||
TOI-1338 b# | 0.104 | 0.611 | 95.174 | 0.4607 | 0.0880 | 89.37 | TOI-1338 | Pictor | 11.722 | 1300 | M+G | 2020(?) | [52][53][54][55] |
HD 152843 b | 0.017-0.057 | 0.304 | 11.6264 | 0.1053 | 0.14 | 88.85 | HD 152843‡ | Hercules | 8.85 | 351.9 | G0 | 2021 | [56] |
HD 152843 c | <0.086 | 0.520 | 19.26-35 | 0.115 | 88.89 | [56] | |||||||
TOI-5174 b | 0.48 (5.351 Earth radii) | 12.214286 | TOI-5174 | Leo | 11.583 | 643.33 | G6.0V (derived) | 2022 | [57][58][59] |
Community TESS Object of Interest
Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) publishes Community TESS Object of Interest (CTOI) at ExoFOP, which can be promoted into a TESS Object of Interest (TOI). Of the 151 CTOIs submitted by Planet Hunters researchers, 81 were promoted to TOIs (as of September 2022).[60] The following exoplanets first submitted as PHT CTOIs were later researched by other teams (some examples): TOI-1759 b,[61][62][63] TOI-1899 b,[64] TOI-2180 b,[65] TOI-4562 b[66][67] and HD 148193 b (TOI-1836).[68][69]
Variable stars and unusual systems
In September 2013 the project discovered the unusual cataclysmic variable KIC 9406652.[70] In April 2014 the unusually active SU Ursae Majoris-type dwarf nova GALEX J194419.33+491257.0 was discovered. This cataclysmic variable was discovered as a background dwarf nova of KIC 11412044.[71]
In January 2016 unusual dips in KIC 8462852 were announced. The unusual light curve of KIC 8462852 (also known as Boyajian's Star)[72] has engendered speculation that an alien civilization's Dyson sphere[73][74] is responsible.[75]
In June 2016 the project found 32 likely eclipsing binaries. The work also announced likely exoplanets.[76]
In February 2018 the first transiting exocomets were discovered. The dips were found by one of the authors, a Planet Hunters participant, in a visual search over five months of the complete Q1-Q17 Kepler light curve archive spanning 201250 target stars.[77][78]
In February 2022 Planet Hunters:TESS announced the discovery of BD+61 2536 (TIC 470710327), a massive hierarchical triple star system. The system is predicted to undergo multiple phases of mass transfer in the future, and likely end up as a double neutron star gravitational wave progenitor or an exotic Thorne-Zytkow object.[79]
See also
Zooniverse projects:
References
- ^ "What is Planet Hunters". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- ^ a b Zooniverse, The (2018-12-06). "Planet Hunters TESS". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "Citizen Scientists Join Search for Earth-like Planets". 16 December 2010.
- ^ "The Zooniverse". Zooniverse website. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ Meg (2010-12-16). "Planet Hunters Introduction". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ Meg (2014-09-18). "A Brand New Planet Hunters". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ debrafischer (2018-11-26). "Planet Hunters: a new beginning!". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ Miller, Daniel (2017-04-06). "Stargazing Live viewers find four-planet solar system". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ a b Eisner, N. L.; Barragán, O.; Aigrain, S.; Lintott, C.; Miller, G.; Zicher, N.; Boyajian, T. S.; Briceño, C.; Bryant, E. M.; Christiansen, J. L.; Feinstein, A. D. (January 2020). "Planet Hunters TESS I: TOI 813, a subgiant hosting a transiting Saturn-sized planet on an 84-day orbit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 494 (1): 148. arXiv:1909.09094. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.494..750E. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa138. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ "The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — TOI-813 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "PHT candidate TIC 35021200.01". ExoFOP. 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "confirmed TOI-5174 b". NASA exoplanet archive. 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "confirmed TOI-5174 b". ExoFOP. 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "ExoFOP overview". ExoFOP. 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ chrislintott (2021-10-19). "Welcome to a new Planet Hunters!". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
- ^ astrosobrien (2022-09-09). "Planet Hunters NGTS: More detail on our first four Planet Candidates". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
- ^ a b O'Brien, Sean M.; Schwamb, Megan E.; Gill, Samuel; Watson, Christopher A.; Burleigh, Matthew R.; Kendall, Alicia; Anderson, David R.; Vines, José I.; Jenkins, James S. (2024-04-23), "Planet Hunters NGTS: New Planet Candidates from a Citizen Science Search of the Next Generation Transit Survey Public Data", The Astronomical Journal, 167 (5): 238, arXiv:2404.15395, Bibcode:2024AJ....167..238O, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad32c8
- ^ Bryant, Edward M.; Bayliss, Daniel; Van Eylen, Vincent (2023-05-01). "The occurrence rate of giant planets orbiting low-mass stars with TESS". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 521 (3): 3663–3681. arXiv:2303.00659. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.521.3663B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad626. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Administrator, NASA Content (2015-04-16). "Light Curve of a Planet Transiting Its Star". NASA. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
- ^ "Planet Hunting Tutorial". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ "Eclipsing Binary Stars". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ "Eclipsing Binary Light Curves". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
- ^ Schneider, Jean (16 December 2017). "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
- ^ "Multiplanet Systems". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ "Stellar Flares". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ "Planetometer". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ a b Gaia Collaboration (2018-08-01). "Gaia Data Release 2 - Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616: A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 49211658.
- ^ "Planet with four suns discovered by volunteers". BBC News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ a b Schwamb, Megan E.; Orosz, Jerome A.; Carter, Joshua A.; Welsh, William F.; Fischer, Debra A.; Torres, Guillermo; Howard, Andrew W.; Crepp, Justin R.; Keel, William C.; et al. (2012). "Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System". The Astrophysical Journal. 1210 (2): 3612. arXiv:1210.3612. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..127S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/127. S2CID 27456469.
- ^ "SIMBAD Astronomical Database - CDS (Strasbourg)". simbad.u-strasbg.fr. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ "PH1b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Barclay, Thomas; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Crepp, Justin R.; Schwamb, Megan E.; Lintott, Chris; Jek, Kian J.; Smith, Arfon M.; Parrish, Michael; Schawinski, Kevin (October 2013). "Planet Hunters. V. A Confirmed Jupiter-size Planet in the Habitable Zone and 42 Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archive Data". Astrophysical Journal. 776 (1): 10. arXiv:1301.0644. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776...10W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/10. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.; Subasavage, J.; Bredthauer, G.; Crockett, C.; Divittorio, M.; Ferguson, E.; Harris, F.; Harris, H.; Henden, A.; Kilian, C. (October 2015). "The First U.S. Naval Observatory Robotic Astrometric Telescope Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (4): 101. arXiv:1508.04637. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..101Z. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/101. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 32535965.
- ^ "PH2b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ a b c Schmitt, Joseph R.; Agol, Eric; Deck, Katherine M.; Rogers, Leslie A.; Gazak, J. Zachary; Fischer, Debra A.; Wang, Ji; Holman, Matthew J.; Jek, Kian J.; Margossian, Charles; Omohundro, Mark R. (November 2014). "Planet Hunters. VII. Discovery of a New Low-mass, Low-density Planet (PH3 C) Orbiting Kepler-289 with Mass Measurements of Two Additional Planets (PH3 B and D)". Astrophysical Journal. 795 (2): 167. arXiv:1410.8114. Bibcode:2014ApJ...795..167S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/167. hdl:1721.1/93116. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 37872448.
- ^ "Kepler-289 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "Kepler-289 c". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "Kepler-289 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ a b Zooniverse, The (2015-11-04). "Hot Friends of Hot Jupiters: The WASP-47 system". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ a b Becker, Juliette C.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Adams, Fred C.; Rappaport, Saul A.; Schwengeler, Hans Martin (October 2015). "WASP-47: A Hot Jupiter System with Two Additional Planets Discovered by K2". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 812 (2): L18. arXiv:1508.02411. Bibcode:2015ApJ...812L..18B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/L18. hdl:1721.1/100813. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14681933.
- ^ "WASP-47 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "WASP-47 e". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 3558849 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Barclay, Thomas; Picard, Alyssa; Ma, Bo; Bowler, Brendan P.; Schmitt, Joseph R.; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Jek, Kian J.; LaCourse, Daryll; Baranec, Christoph (December 2015). "Planet Hunters. VIII. Characterization of 41 Long-period Exoplanet Candidates from Kepler Archival Data". Astrophysical Journal. 815 (2): 127. arXiv:1512.02559. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815..127W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/127. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 6327352.
- ^ "KIC 5951458 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 8540376 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 8540376 c". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 9663113 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 10525077 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "KIC 5437945 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "TOI-813 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
- ^ "Discovery Alert! High School Student Finds a World With Two Suns". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ "ExoFOP TIC 260128333". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ "TOI-1338 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
- ^ Kostov, Veselin B.; Orosz, Jerome A.; Feinstein, Adina D.; Welsh, William F.; Cukier, Wolf; Haghighipour, Nader; Quarles, Billy; Martin, David V.; Montet, Benjamin T.; Torres, Guillermo; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J. (2020-05-07). "TOI-1338: TESS' First Transiting Circumbinary Planet". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (6): 253. arXiv:2004.07783. Bibcode:2020AJ....159..253K. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab8a48. hdl:10023/20067. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 215785933.
- ^ a b Eisner, Nora L.; Nicholson, Belinda A.; Barragán, Oscar; Aigrain, Suzanne; Lintott, Chris; Kaye, Laurel; Klein, Baptiste; Miller, Grant; Taylor, Jake; Zicher, Norbert; Buchhave, Lars A. (2021-06-01). "Planet Hunters TESS III: Two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 505 (2): 1827–1840. arXiv:2106.04603. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1253.
- ^ "TOI-5174 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "TOI-5174 b". ExoFOP. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "PHT talk about the discovery". zooniverse.org. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "ExoFOP List of CTOIs". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ^ "ExoFOP TIC 408636441". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ^ Martioli, E.; Hébrard, G.; Fouqué, P.; Artigau, É.; Donati, J. -F.; Cadieux, C.; Bellotti, S.; Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Doyon, R.; do Nascimento, J. -D.; Arnold, L.; Carmona, A.; Cook, N. J.; Cortes-Zuleta, P.; de Almeida, L. (2022-04-01). "TOI-1759 b: A transiting sub-Neptune around a low mass star characterized with SPIRou and TESS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 660: A86. arXiv:2202.01259. Bibcode:2022A&A...660A..86M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142540. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 246485686.
- ^ Espinoza, Néstor; Pallé, Enric; Kemmer, Jonas; Luque, Rafael; Caballero, José A.; Cifuentes, Carlos; Herrero, Enrique; Sánchez Béjar, Víctor J.; Stock, Stephan; Molaverdikhani, Karan; Morello, Giuseppe; Kossakowski, Diana; Schlecker, Martin; Amado, Pedro J.; Bluhm, Paz (2022-03-01). "A Transiting, Temperate Mini-Neptune Orbiting the M Dwarf TOI-1759 Unveiled by TESS". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (3): 133. arXiv:2202.01240. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..133E. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac4af0. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 246485680.
- ^ Cañas, Caleb I.; Stefansson, Gudmundur; Kanodia, Shubham; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; Robertson, Paul; Bender, Chad F.; Ninan, Joe P.; Beard, Corey; Lubin, Jack; Gupta, Arvind F.; Everett, Mark E.; Monson, Andrew; Wilson, Robert F. (2020-09-01). "A Warm Jupiter Transiting an M Dwarf: A TESS Single-transit Event Confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 147. arXiv:2007.07098. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..147C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abac67. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 220514735.
- ^ Dalba, Paul A.; Kane, Stephen R.; Dragomir, Diana; Villanueva, Steven; Collins, Karen A.; Jacobs, Thomas Lee; LaCourse, Daryll M.; Gagliano, Robert; Kristiansen, Martti H.; Omohundro, Mark; Schwengeler, Hans M.; Terentev, Ivan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Fulton, Benjamin; Isaacson, Howard (2022-02-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. VIII. Confirmation of a Transiting Giant Planet on an Eccentric 261 Day Orbit with the Automated Planet Finder Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (2): 61. arXiv:2201.04146. Bibcode:2022AJ....163...61D. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac415b. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 245877799.
- ^ "ExoFOP TIC 349576261". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ^ Heitzmann, Alexis; Zhou, George; Quinn, Samuel N.; Huang, Chelsea X.; Dong, Jiayin; Bouma, Luke G.; Dawson, Rebekah I.; Marsden, Stephen C.; Wright, Duncan; Petit, Pascal; Collins, Karen A.; Barkaoui, Khalid; Wittenmyer, Robert A.; Gillen, Edward; Brahm, Rafael (2023). "TOI-4562b: A Highly Eccentric Temperate Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Young Field Star". The Astronomical Journal. 165 (3): 121. arXiv:2208.10854. Bibcode:2023AJ....165..121H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb5a2. S2CID 251741424.
- ^ "ExoFOP TIC 91987762". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
- ^ Chontos, Ashley; Huber, Daniel; Grunblatt, Samuel K.; Saunders, Nicholas; Winn, Joshua N.; McCormack, Mason; Knudstrup, Emil; Albrecht, Simon H.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Ciardi, David R.; Collins, Karen A.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Bieryla, Allyson; Batalha, Natalie M. (12 Feb 2024). "The TESS-Keck Survey XXI: 13 New Planets and Homogeneous Properties for 21 Subgiant Systems". Pre-print. arXiv:2402.07893.
- ^ Gies, Douglas R.; Guo, Zhao; Howell, Steve B.; Still, Martin D.; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Hoekstra, Abe J.; Jek, Kian J.; LaCourse, Daryll; Winarski, Troy (September 2013). "KIC 9406652: An Unusual Cataclysmic Variable in the Kepler Field of View". Astrophysical Journal. 775 (1): 64. arXiv:1308.0369. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...64G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/64. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Kato, Taichi; Osaki, Yoji (April 2014). "GALEX J194419.33+491257.0: An unusually active SU UMa-type dwarf nova with a very short orbital period in the Kepler data". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 66 (2): L5. arXiv:1403.0308. Bibcode:2014PASJ...66L...5K. doi:10.1093/pasj/psu025. ISSN 0004-6264.
- ^ Boyajian, T. S.; et al. (27 January 2016). "Planet Hunters X: KIC 8462852 – Where's the flux?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (4): 3988–4004. arXiv:1509.03622. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.3988B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw218.
- ^ Bodenner, Chris (16 October 2015). "Maybe It's a Dyson Sphere". Notes. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ^ Bodenner, Chris (17 October 2015). "Maybe It's a Dyson Sphere, Cont'd". Notes. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ^ Andersen, Ross (13 October 2015). "The Most Mysterious Star in Our Galaxy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ^ Schmitt, Joseph R.; Tokovinin, Andrei; Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Kristiansen, Martti H.; LaCourse, Daryll M.; Gagliano, Robert; Tan, Arvin Joseff V.; Schwengeler, Hans Martin; Omohundro, Mark R.; Venner, Alexander (June 2016). "Planet Hunters. X. Searching for Nearby Neighbors of 75 Planet and Eclipsing Binary Candidates from the K2 Kepler extended mission". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (6): 159. arXiv:1603.06945. Bibcode:2016AJ....151..159S. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/159. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 1711279.
- ^ EDT, Meghan Bartels On 10/30/17 at 2:24 PM (2017-10-30). "Astronomers have detected comets outside our solar system for the first time ever". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Rappaport, S.; Vanderburg, A.; Jacobs, T.; LaCourse, D.; Jenkins, J.; Kraus, A.; Rizzuto, A.; Latham, D. W.; Bieryla, A.; Lazarevic, M.; Schmitt, A. (February 2018). "Likely transiting exocomets detected by Kepler". MNRAS. 474 (2): 1453–1468. arXiv:1708.06069. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474.1453R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2735. ISSN 0035-8711. PMC 5943639. PMID 29755143.
- ^ Eisner, N. L.; Johnston, C.; Toonen, S.; Frost, A. J.; Janssens, S.; Lintott, C. J.; Aigrain, S.; Sana, H.; Abdul-Masih, M.; Arellano-Córdova, K. Z.; Beck, P. G.; Bordier, E.; Cannon, E.; Escorza, A.; Fabry, M. (2022-04-01). "Planet Hunters TESS IV: a massive, compact hierarchical triple star system TIC 470710327". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 511 (4): 4710–4723. arXiv:2202.06964. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.511.4710E. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3619. ISSN 0035-8711.
External links
- Official website