French two-person submarine
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History |
France |
Owner | Cousteau Society |
Port of registry | France |
Launched | 1959 |
Maiden voyage | 1959 |
Homeport | Marseille, France |
Identification | SP-350 |
Nickname(s) | Denise |
Status | Decommissioned |
General characteristics |
Type | Submarine |
Displacement | 3.8 tonnes |
Length | 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) |
Beam | 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) |
Draught | 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) |
Propulsion | Electric water jet |
Speed | 1 knot |
Endurance | 96 hours (one person) |
Test depth | 1,000 m (3,300 ft) |
Complement | 2 |
Crew | 2 |
The SP-350 Denise, famous as the "Diving saucer" (Soucoupe plongeante), is a small submarine designed to hold two people, and is capable of exploring depths of up to 400 metres (1,300 ft). It was invented by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and engineer Jean Mollard at the French Centre for Undersea Research.[1] It was built in the year 1959 and usually operated from Cousteau's ship, the Calypso.
Diving Saucer Specifications
Denise's propulsion consists of steerable, electrically powered water jets, allowing it to navigate in all directions, as well as turn about its vertical axis. To correct the attitude of the hull, the pilot can shift a liquid mercury ballast mass. The crew members enter the craft through a hatch on the top of the hull and lie prone side-by-side on mattresses to operate it, watching their surroundings through tilted portholes that let them come within a few centimeters of their subject. Electric lamps are fitted for night diving and to provide illumination for photography at extreme working depths. An electrically operated manipulator arm can be fitted at the front of the craft so that the craft can pick up objects for the crew to examine through the portholes.[2]
The steel pressure hull, nearly circular in plan form, is 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in diameter and 1.43 metres (4 ft 8 in) high, able to resist a pressure of more than 90 kg/cm2 (1,300 psi), equivalent to a depth of nearly 900 metres (3,000 ft), although dives never exceed 300 metres (980 ft) for safety.
Denise is naturally positively buoyant, and is weighted to negative buoyancy with ballast weights that can be jettisoned in an emergency. If the craft is within 100 metres (330 ft) of the surface, the crew can abandon it via the top hatch, provided they are equipped with emergency breathing apparatus.
Launching and recovery is accomplished with the assistance of a shipboard crane.
Use
The vehicle was featured in Cousteau's film Le Monde sans soleil ("World Without Sun")
Denise was used by Jacques Cousteau in 1976 to explore the wreck of the HMHS Britannic.[3]
SP-500 Sea Fleas
Two smaller one person diving saucers were built by Cousteau. They were called SP-500 Sea Fleas and often worked in pairs. They were launched in 1967 and could dive to 500 metres (1,600 ft).[4]
See also
- Deep Star 4000, another submersible designed by Cousteau
Citations
- ^ Zronik, John Paul (2007). Jacques Cousteau: Conserving Underwater Worlds. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 9780778724193.
- ^ Clark, Malcolm R.; Consalvey, Mireille; Rowden, Ashley A. (2016-03-16). Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118332481.
- ^ "域名停靠".
- ^ "Cousteau's Sea Fleas". Cousteau Society.
References
- Busby, R. Frank (2010). Manned Submersibles. General Books. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1-154-77689-8.
Underwater diving
- Diving activities
- Diving modes
- Atmospheric pressure diving
- Freediving
- Saturation diving
- Scuba diving
- Snorkeling
- Surface oriented diving
- Surface-supplied diving
- Unmanned diving
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Diving equipment |
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Basic equipment | |
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Breathing gas | |
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Buoyancy and trim equipment | |
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Decompression equipment | |
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Diving suit | |
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Helmets and masks | |
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Instrumentation | |
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Mobility equipment | |
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Safety equipment | |
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Underwater breathing apparatus | |
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Diving equipment manufacturers | |
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Access equipment | |
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Breathing gas handling | |
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Decompression equipment | |
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Platforms | |
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Remotely operated underwater vehicles | |
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Safety equipment | |
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General | |
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Activities | |
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Competitions | |
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Equipment | |
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Freedivers | |
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Hazards | |
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Historical | |
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Organisations | |
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Occupations | |
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Underwater work | Salvage diving | - SS Egypt
- Kronan
- La Belle
- SS Laurentic
- RMS Lusitania
- Mars
- Mary Rose
- USS Monitor
- HMS Royal George
- Vasa
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Underwater weapons | |
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Specialties | |
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Diving tourism industry | |
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Diving events and festivals | |
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Diving hazards | |
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Diving procedures | |
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Risk management | |
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Diving disorders | Pressure related | Oxygen | |
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Inert gases | |
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Carbon dioxide | |
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Breathing gas contaminants | |
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Immersion related | |
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Treatment | |
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Personnel | |
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Screening | |
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Research | Researchers in diving physiology and medicine | |
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Diving medical research organisations | |
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Archeological sites | |
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Underwater art and artists | |
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Engineers and inventors | |
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Historical equipment | |
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Military and covert operations | - Raid on Alexandria (1941)
- Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
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Scientific projects | |
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Awards and events | |
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Incidents | Dive boat incidents | |
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Diver rescues | |
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Early diving | |
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Freediving fatalities | |
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Offshore diving incidents | - Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
- Drill Master diving accident
- Star Canopus diving accident
- Stena Seaspread diving accident
- Venture One diving accident
- Waage Drill II diving accident
- Wildrake diving accident
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Professional diving fatalities | |
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Scuba diving fatalities | |
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Publications |
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Manuals | - NOAA Diving Manual
- U.S. Navy Diving Manual
- Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
- Underwater Handbook
- Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
- Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
- The new science of skin and scuba diving
- Professional Diver's Handbook
- Basic Scuba
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Standards and Codes of Practice | |
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General non-fiction | |
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Research | |
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Dive guides | |
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Training and registration |
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Diver training | |
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Recreational scuba certification levels | Core diving skills | |
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Leadership skills | |
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Specialist skills | |
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Diver training certification and registration organisations | Commercial diver certification authorities | |
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Commercial diving schools | |
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Free-diving certification agencies | |
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Recreational scuba certification agencies | |
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Scientific diver certification authorities | |
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Technical diver certification agencies | |
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Military diver training centres | |
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Military diver training courses | |
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Surface snorkeling | |
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Snorkeling/breath-hold | |
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Breath-hold | |
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Open Circuit Scuba | |
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Rebreather | |
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Sports governing organisations and federations | |
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Competitions | |
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Pioneers of diving | |
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Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists | |
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Scuba record holders | |
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Underwater filmmakers and presenters | |
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Underwater photographers | |
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Underwater explorers | |
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Aquanauts | |
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Writers and journalists | |
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Rescuers | |
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Frogmen | |
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Commercial salvors | |
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Diving physics | |
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Diving physiology | |
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Diving environments | |
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Other |
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Deep-submergence vehicle | - Aluminaut
- DSV Alvin
- American submarine NR-1
- Bathyscaphe
- Archimède
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
- Deepsea Challenger
- Ictineu 3
- JAGO
- Jiaolong
- Konsul-class submersible
- Limiting Factor
- Russian submarine Losharik
- Mir
- Nautile
- Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
- DSV Sea Cliff
- DSV Shinkai
- DSV Shinkai 2000
- DSV Shinkai 6500
- DSV Turtle
- DSV-5 Nemo
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Submarine rescue | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle | |
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Submarine escape | |
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Special interest groups | |
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Neutral buoyancy facilities for Astronaut training | |
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Other | |
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