Seidel's algorithm
Seidel's algorithm is an algorithm designed by Raimund Seidel in 1992 for the all-pairs-shortest-path problem for undirected, unweighted, connected graphs.[1] It solves the problem in expected time for a graph with vertices, where is the exponent in the complexity of matrix multiplication. If only the distances between each pair of vertices are sought, the same time bound can be achieved in the worst case. Even though the algorithm is designed for connected graphs, it can be applied individually to each connected component of a graph with the same running time overall. There is an exception to the expected running time given above for computing the paths: if the expected running time becomes .
Details of the implementation
The core of the algorithm is a procedure that computes the length of the shortest-paths between any pair of vertices. In the worst case this can be done in time. Once the lengths are computed, the paths can be reconstructed using a Las Vegas algorithm whose expected running time is for and for .
Computing the shortest-paths lengths
The Python code below assumes the input graph is given as a - adjacency matrix with zeros on the diagonal. It defines the function APD which returns a matrix with entries such that is the length of the shortest path between the vertices and . The matrix class used can be any matrix class implementation supporting the multiplication, exponentiation, and indexing operators (for example numpy.matrix).
def apd(A, n: int): """Compute the shortest-paths lengths.""" if all(A[i][j] for i in range(n) for j in range(n) if i != j): return A Z = A**2 B = matrix( [ [1 if i != j and (A[i][j] == 1 or Z[i][j] > 0) else 0 for j in range(n)] for i in range(n) ] ) T = apd(B, n) X = T * A degree = [sum(A[i][j] for j in range(n)) for i in range(n)] D = matrix( [ [ 2 * T[i][j] if X[i][j] >= T[i][j] * degree[j] else 2 * T[i][j] - 1 for j in range(n) ] for i in range(n) ] ) return D
The base case tests whether the input adjacency matrix describes a complete graph, in which case all shortest paths have length .
Graphs with weights from finite universes
Algorithms for undirected and directed graphs with weights from a finite universe also exist. The best known algorithm for the directed case is in time by Zwick in 1998.[2] This algorithm uses rectangular matrix multiplication instead of square matrix multiplication. Better upper bounds can be obtained if one uses the best rectangular matrix multiplication algorithm available instead of achieving rectangular multiplication via multiple square matrix multiplications. The best known algorithm for the undirected case is in time by Shoshan and Zwick in 1999.[3] The original implementation of this algorithm was erroneous and has been corrected by Eirinakis, Williamson, and Subramani in 2016.[4]
Notes
- ^ Seidel, R. (1995). "On the All-Pairs-Shortest-Path Problem in Unweighted Undirected Graphs". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 51 (3): 400–403. doi:10.1006/jcss.1995.1078.
- ^ Zwick, U. (1 November 1998). "All pairs shortest paths in weighted directed graphs-exact and almost exact algorithms". Proceedings 39th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Cat. No.98CB36280). pp. 310–319. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1998.743464. ISBN 0-8186-9172-7. S2CID 10096418 – via IEEE Xplore.
- ^ Shoshan, A.; Zwick, U. (15 February 1999). "All pairs shortest paths in undirected graphs with integer weights". 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Cat. No.99CB37039). pp. 605–614. doi:10.1109/SFFCS.1999.814635. ISBN 0-7695-0409-4. S2CID 2377466 – via IEEE Xplore.
- ^ Eirinakis, Pavlos; Williamson, Matthew; Subramani, K. (28 March 2016). "On the Shoshan-Zwick Algorithm for the All-Pairs Shortest Path Problem". arXiv:1603.08627 [cs.DS].