The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River
- Islossningen i Ule älv
- by Zachris Topelius
- Helsinki Philharmonic Society
- Axel Ahlberg [fi] (narrator)
The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River (in Swedish: Islossningen i Uleå älv; in Finnish: Jäänlähtö Oulujoesta), Op. 30, is a composition by Jean Sibelius, an "improvisation for narrator, men's chorus and orchestra". Sibelius composed it in 1899 on a poem by Zachris Topelius, a Swedish-language Finnish poet, who had dedicated it to Tsar Alexander II of Russia, thus escaping censorship. The piece was an "explicit protest composition" against a Russia restricting the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Sibelius wrote it for a lottery of the Savonian-Karelian Students' Association, where he conducted the first performance on 21 October 1899.
Instrumentation
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The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River is scored for the following instruments and voices,[2] organized by family (vocalists, woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings):
- Narrator and male choir (TTBB)
- 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, and 2 bassoons
- 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, and tuba
- Timpani, bass drum, and cymbals
- Violins (I and II), violas, cellos, and double basses
History
Sibelius composed Islossningen i Uleå älv[a] in a political context. Most of what is now Finland had been part of Sweden until Russia won the territory in the Finnish War and ruled it as a Grand Duchy. It was first autonomous in terms of a parliament, money, and schools in Swedish and Finnish, but Nikolay Bobrikov, the Russian Governor-General, tried to limit these liberties and even proposed schooling only in Russian.[4]
Sibelius composed music as patriotic statements against the restricting censorship, in Islossningen i Uleå älv, first performed on 21 October at a lottery of the Savo-Karelian Students' Association in Helsinki, and in Finlandia, first performed as part of the Press Celebration Music two weeks later.[4] Sibelius conducted the first performance, the premiere. He used the choral theme again for children's choir a cappella, The Landscape Breathes (Nejden andas).[4] After the first performance, Sibelius made a note about the composition, "should be revised", which he later did.[3]
Composition
The breaking of the ice is an annual event in some northern countries, releasing winter and ending immobility. The text for Islossningen i Uleå älv is a poem by Zachris Topelius, a Swedish-language Finnish poet.[4] The poem lists many rivers besides the one in the title, summarizing Finland. He dedicated it to Tsar Alexander II, thus protecting it from censorship.[4] Sibelius, like the poet, interpreted the frozen river as a symbol of the Russian oppression, and the breaking of the ice as an image of freedom. Sibelius confirmed the underlying meaning of the music when he programmed its premiere to be followed by Song of the Athenians, a song for freedom first performed half a year earlier and held high by Finnish nationalists.[4]
The composition is subtitled "improvisation for narrator, men's chorus and orchestra".[5] The subtitle is Sibelius' own description of the work, it has otherwise been described as a melodrama, cantata and choir suite.[3] It begins and ends with recitation for the narrator, accented by brass chords. The center of the work is a dramatic chorus, often in unison and accompanied by a symphony orchestra.[4] It has been considered as a test piece for Finlandia in terms of accessibility and some effects of orchestration.[4]
Discography
The Finnish conductor Rauno Rännäli and the Oulu Conservatory Orchestra [fi] made the world premiere studio recording of The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River—albeit of a Finnish-language translation—in 1990; the male choir was Pohjan Laulu, while the narrator was the Finnish baritone Hannu Heikkilä.[2] The table below lists this and other commercially available recordings::
No. | Conductor | Orchestra | Chorus | Narrator | Rec.[b] | Time[c] | Venue | Label | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rauno Rännäli | Oulu Conservatory Orchestra [fi] | Pohjan Laulu | Hannu Heikkilä | 1990 | 9:54 | Madetoja Hall, Oulu Music Centre [fi] | PL | [d] |
2 | Osmo Vänskä | Lahti Symphony Orchestra | Jubilate Choir [fi] | Lasse Pöysti | 2001 | 10:30 | Sibelius Hall | BIS | [e] |
In addition, the Finnish choral director Hannu Norjanen and the Tapiola Chamber Choir [fi] made the world premiere studio recording of The Landscape Breathes for female choir a cappella c. 1997 for Finlandia.[2] The table below lists this and other commercially available recordings:
No. | Choral director | Ensemble | Runtime[c] | Rec.[b] | Recording venue | Label | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hannu Norjanen | Tapiola Chamber Choir [fi] | 0:40 | 1997 | Roihuvuori Church [fi] | Finlandia | [f] |
2 | Astrid Riska | Jubilate Choir [fi] | 0:52 | 1998 | Tapiola Hall | BIS | [g] |
3 | Seppo Murto [fi] | Dominante Choir [fi] | 0:39 | 2010 | New Pavilon [fi], Kauniainen | BIS | [h] |
4 | Heikki Seppanen [fi] | Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir | 0:31 | 2014 | Järvenpää Hall [fi] | Ondine | [i] |
Notes
- ^ The composition is called Islossningen i Uleå älv in the original sheet music, it is later referred to as Islossningen i Ule älv.[3]
- ^ a b Refers to the year in which the performers recorded the work; this may not be the same as the year in which the recording was first released to the general public.
- ^ a b All runtimes are official, as printed on CD or LP liner notes.
- ^ R. Rännäli—PL (PLCD 1) 1991
- ^ O. Vänskä—BIS (CD–1265) 2004
- ^ Tapiola Chamber Choir—Finlandia (0630–19054–2) 1998
- ^ Jubilate Choir—BIS (CD–998) 1999
- ^ Dominante Choir—BIS (CD–1889) 2012
- ^ Estonian Phil. Chamber Choir—Ondine (ODE 1260–2D) 2015
References
- ^ Dahlström 2003, p. 133.
- ^ a b c d Dahlström 2003, p. 134.
- ^ a b c Blom, Bertil (18 March 2015). "Veckans Sibbe: Islossningen i Ule älv var politisk 1899" [This week's Sibbe: The Breaking of the Ice on the River Oulu was political in 1899] (in Swedish). Yle. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stevenson, Joseph. "Jean Sibelius / The Breaking of the Ice on the River Oulu, improvisation for reciter, male chorus & orchestra, Op. 30". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Works for choir and orchestra / The Breaking of the Ice on Oulu River". Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Literature
- Mäkelä, Tomi (2013). Jean Sibelius und seine Zeit [Jean Sibelius and his time]. Große Komponisten und ihre Zeit (in German). Regensburg: Laaber-Verlag.
- Dahlström, Fabian [in Swedish] (2003). Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke [Jean Sibelius: A Thematic Bibliographic Index of His Works] (in German). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 3-7651-0333-0.
- v
- t
- e
- Kullervo (1892)
- Symphony No. 1 (1899, rev. 1900)
- Symphony No. 2 (1902)
- Symphony No. 3 (1907)
- Symphony No. 4 (1911)
- Symphony No. 5 (1915, rev. 1916, 1919)
- Symphony No. 6 (1923)
- Symphony No. 7 (1924)
- Symphony No. 8 (mid 1920s–c. 1938, abandoned)
- Violin Concerto (1904, rev. 1905)
- Two Serenades (1912–1913)
- Two Serious Melodies (1914–1915)
- Six Humoresques (1917–1918, No. 1 rev. 1940)
- Suite for Violin and String Orchestra (1929)
- En saga (1892, rev. 1902)
- Spring Song (1894, rev. 1895)
- The Wood Nymph (1895)
- Lemminkäinen Suite
- 1895, rev. 1897, 1900, 1939; includes The Swan of Tuonela
- Finlandia (1899)
- Pohjola's Daughter (1906)
- Nightride and Sunrise (1909)
- The Dryad (1910)
- The Bard (1913)
- Luonnotar (1913)
- The Oceanides (1914, rev. 1914)
- Tapiola (1926)
- The Building of the Boat (1893–1894, abandoned)
- The Maiden in the Tower (1896)
- King Christian II (1898)
- Kuolema
- 1903; includes Valse triste
- Pelléas et Mélisande (1905)
- Belshazzar's Feast (1906)
- Swanwhite (1908)
- The Lizard (1909)
- The Language of the Birds (1911)
- Scaramouche (1913)
- Everyman (1916)
- The Tempest (1925)
- Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1894
- Cantata for the Coronation of Nicholas II (1896)
- Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1897
- The Origin of Fire (1902, rev. 1910)
- The Captive Queen (1906)
- My Own Land (1918)
- Song of the Earth (1919)
- Hymn of the Earth (1920)
- Väinämöinen's Song (1926)
- The Rapids-Rider's Brides (1897)
- The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River (1899)
- Snöfrid (1900)
- Marjatta (1905, abandoned)
- Impromptu (1902, rev. 1910)
- The Raven (1910, abandoned)
- Overture in E major (1891)
- Ballet Scene (1891)
- Karelia Suite (1893)
- Rakastava (1894, arr. 1912)
- Scènes historiques I (1899, arr. 1911)
- Overture in A minor (1902)
- Romance in C major (1904)
- Cassazione (1904, rev. 1905)
- Pan and Echo (1906)
- In memoriam (1909, rev. 1910)
- Scènes historiques II (1912)
- Suite mignonne (1921)
- Suite champêtre (1922)
- Suite caractéristique (1922)
- String Quartet in E-flat major (1885)
- String Quartet in A minor (1889)
- String Quartet in B-flat major (1890)
- String Quartet in D minor, Voces intimae (1909)
- Andante festivo (1922, orch. 1938)
- Piano Trio in A minor, Hafträsk (1886)
- Piano Trio in D major, Korpo (1887)
- Piano Trio in C major, Lovisa (1888)
- Water Droplets (c. 1875–1881)
- Pieces for brass septet (1889–1899)
- Piano Quintet (1890)
- Malinconia (1900)
- Violin Sonatina (1915)
- Six Impromptus (1893)
- Piano Sonata (1893)
- Ten Pieces, Op. 24 (1895–1903)
- Kyllikki (1904)
- Three Sonatinas (1912)
- The Bells of Kallio Church (1912, arr. 1912)
- Two Rondinos (1912)
- Five Pieces, The Trees, Op. 75 (1914)
- Five Pieces, The Flowers, Op. 85 (1916–1917)
- Five Esquisses (1929)
- Seven Runeberg Songs, Op. 13 (1891–1892)
- "Serenad", JS 168 (1894–1895)
- Six Songs, Op. 36 (1899–1900)
- Five Songs, Op. 37 (1900–1902)
- Seven Songs, Op. 17 (1891–1904)
- Five Songs, Op. 38 (1903–1904; includes "Höstkväll")
- Six Songs, Op. 50 (1906)
- Two Songs, Op. 35 (1908)
- "Kom nu hit, död", Op. 60/1 (1909, orch. 1957)
- "Arioso", Op. 3 (1911)
- Five Christmas Songs, Op. 1 (1897–1913; includes "Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt")
- Six Runeberg Songs, Op. 90 (1917)
- Hymn, Op. 21 (1896, rev. 1898)
- Songs for Mixed Chorus from the 1897 Promotional Cantata (arr. 1898)
- Finlandia Hymn (1899, arr. 1938–1940)
- Six Partsongs, Op. 18 (1893–1901)
- Jäger March (1917)
- Ainola (home)
- Aino Sibelius (wife)
- Ruth Snellman [fi] (daughter)
- Heidi Blomstedt (daughter)
- Christian Sibelius (brother)
- Aulis Blomstedt (son-in-law)
- Jussi Jalas (son-in-law)
- Jussi Snellman [fi] (son-in-law)
- Alexander Järnefelt (father-in-law)
- Elisabeth Järnefelt (mother-in-law)
- Armas Järnefelt (brother-in-law)
- Arvid Järnefelt (brother-in-law)
- Eero Järnefelt (brother-in-law)
- Kasper Järnefelt [fi] (brother-in-law)
- Helsinki Music Institute: Martin Wegelius (theory, composition)
- Mitrofan Vasiliev (violin)
- Hermann Csillag [de] (violin)
- Post-graduate studies: Albert Becker
- Robert Fuchs
- Karl Goldmark
- Toivo Kuula
- Leevi Madetoja
- Bengt de Törne [fi]
- Juhani Aho
- Aino Ackté
- Granville Bantock
- Ferruccio Busoni
- Axel Carpelan [fi] (patron)
- Olin Downes
- Ida Ekman
- Richard Faltin [fi]
- Ida Flodin [fi]
- Karl Flodin [fi]
- Akseli Gallen-Kallela
- Heikki Klemetti [fi]
- Santeri Levas (secretary)
- Erkki Melartin
- Oskar Merikanto
- Rosa Newmarch
- Abraham Ojanperä
- Selim Palmgren
- Adolf Paul
- Wilhelm Stenhammar
- Karl Wasenius [fi]
- Fabian Dahlström [fi]
- Karl Ekman [fi]
- Erik Furuhjelm [fi]
- Glenda Dawn Goss
- Cecil Gray
- Robert Layton
- Nils-Eric Ringbom [fi]
- Erik W. Tawaststjerna
- International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition
- Jean Sibelius Quartet
- Sibelius (2003 film)
- Sibelius (scorewriter)
- Sibelius Academy
- Sibelius Academy Quartet
- Sibelius Glacier
- Sibelius Hall
- Sibelius Medal
- Sibelius Monument
- Sibelius Museum
- Sibelius Piano Trio
- Sibelius Society of Finland
- 1405 Sibelius (asteroid)
- Wihuri Sibelius Prize
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