Thiogermanate
Sulfidogermanates or thiogermanates are chemical compounds containing anions with sulfur atoms bound to germanium. They are in the class of chalcogenidotetrelates. Related compounds include thiosilicates, thiostannates, selenidogermanates, telluridogermanates and selenidostannates.
Coordination of sulfur around germanium is tetrahedral meaning there are four sulfur atoms symmetrically arranged. This basic structure can form ortho salts with GeS44−, oligomers, or polymeric structures.[1] Similar structures are also formed with heavy group 13 and group 14 elements due to their relatively stronger bonds with sulfur. Light elements from these groups have lower affinity for sulfur, so there are fewer compounds like this for boron, aluminium, carbon, and silicon.[1] Other heavy group 12 and 15 elements also form chalcogenidometallates which may have other kinds of coordination. Selenium forms similar compounds to sulfur in this family.[1]
Where sulfur is deficient, an anion is not formed, and instead cation-like covalent compounds can exist with halogens, such as Ge4S6Br4,[2] or Ge4S6I4.[3]
Production
The solvochemical method of production involves dissolving germanium oxide, sulfur and other salts in a heated solvent under pressure. The solvents can include simple alcohols, amines or N,N-dimethyl formamide. The containers can be glass tubes, quartz tubes, or teflon lined stainless steel.[1]
List
formula | name | system | space group | cell Å | volume | density | comments | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H4Ge4S10 | thiogermanic acid | triclinic | P1 | a = 8.621, b = 9.899, c = 10.009, α = 85.963°, β = 64.714°, γ = 89.501°, Z = 2 | [4][5] | |||
H2Ge4S9 | thiogermanic acid | [4] | ||||||
Li2GeS3 | hexagonal | P61 | a = 6.79364 c = 17.9072 | [6] | ||||
[CH3NH3]4Ge2S6 | tetrakis(methylammonium) bis(μ-sulfido)-tetrakis(sulfido)-di-germanium | triclinic | P1 | a 7.3336 b 7.3760 c 10.0007, α 108.598° β 111.332° γ 90.297° | [7] | |||
[CH3CH2NH3]4Ge2S6•CH3CH2NH2 | tetrakis(ethylammonium) bis(μ-sulfido)-tetrakis(sulfido)-di-germanium ethylamine | orthorhombic | Pnma | a 7.8501 b 18.3444 c 17.4386 | [7] | |||
[CH3CH2NH3]3[CH3NH3]Ge4S10 | tris(diethylammonium) methylammonium hexakis(μ-sulfido)-tris(sulfido)-tetra-germanium | Pa3 | a 17.9402 c 17.9402 | [7] | ||||
(NH4)2[NH2(CH3)2]2Ge2S6 | monoclinic | P21/c | a = 6.965, b = 15.7195, c = 7.2045, β = 92.765° | band gap 3.50 eV | [8] | |||
(NH3NH2)2[(RNGe)2(μ-S)2S2] | [9] | |||||||
[(R1Ge)4(μ-S)6] | R1 = CMe2CH2COMe | [9][10] | ||||||
(trenH2)2[Ge2S6] | tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine | monoclinic | C2/c | a=25.264 b=7.313 c=16.584 β=122.616 Z=4 | 2581 | 1.632 | colourless | [11] |
(enH)4Ge2S6 | en = ethylenediamine | triclinic | P1 | a 7.859 b 9.514 c 9.727, α 64.21° β 66.80° γ 84.92° | [12] | |||
Na4Ge2S6 · 14H2O | triclinic | P1 | a = 9.978, b = 7.202, c = 9.601, α = 108.41 β = 92.39, γ = 91.69° Z = 1 | [13] | ||||
Na6Ge2S7 | [14] | |||||||
Li4MgGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=16.872 b=6.771 c=10.156 β=95.169° | SHG 0.7 ×AGS | [15] | |||
Na(AlS2)(GeS2)4 | monoclinic | P21/n | a = 6.803, b = 38.207, c = 6.947, β = 119.17° | [16] | ||||
Li10GeP2S12 | tetragonal | lithium ion conductor | [17] | |||||
K6Ge2S7 | [14] | |||||||
[VO(dien)]2GeS4 | orthorhombic | Pna21 | a =19.831, b = 8.0814, c = 12.0889, Z = 4 | 1937.4 | [18] | |||
{[V(en)2]2O}Ge2S6 | en = ethylenediamine | monoclinic | P21/n | a=8.352 b=12.682 c=11.339 β=94.75 Z=2 | 1196.9 | 1.931 | black | [19] |
[VO(dap)2]2Ge2S6·dap | dap = 1,2-diaminopropane | hexagonal | R2c ? | a=38.284 c=11.170 Z=18 | 14178 | 1.619 | purple; hexagonal nanotubes | [19] |
Li4MnGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=16.833 b=6.709 c=10.121 β=94.76° Z=4 | 1139.1 | 2.637 | light pink | [15][20] | |
{[Mn(2,2′-bipy)2(H2O)]2Ge4S10}·3H2O | bipy = bipyridine | triclinic | P1 | a=10.6511 b=13.0443 c=22.995, α=79.539 β=77.653° γ=79.737° Z=2 | 3036.6 | 1.570 | [21] | |
{Mn(tepa)}2(μ-Ge2Se6) | tetragonal | I41/a | [22] | |||||
Mn2(en)4Ge2S6 | en=ethylenediamine | [23] | ||||||
[Mn(en)3]2Ge2S6 | monoclinic | C2/c | a 15.115 b 10.530 c 22.897, 118.777° | [12] | ||||
Mn2(dap)4Ge2S6 | dap = 1,2-diaminopropane | [23] | ||||||
H2dienMnGeS4 | dien = diethylenetriamine | [23] | ||||||
[(dien)2Mn]Ge2S4 | dien=diethylenetriamine | orthorhombic | P212121 | a=9.113, b=12.475, c=17.077, Z=4 | 1941 | 1D [Ge2S4]2− chains | [24] | |
Mn3Ge2S7(NH3)4 | orthorhombic | Pbcn | a=9.107 b=13.923 c=12.750 Z=4 | 1616.6 | 2.476 | green | [25] | |
[MnII(tren)]2(μ2-Ge2S6) | tren = N,N,N-tris(2-aminoethyl)amine | triclinic | P1 | a 7.631 b 8.039 c 11.957, α 98.952° β 101.263° γ 109.696° | [26] | |||
[MnII(tepa)]2(μ2-Ge2S6) | tepa= tetraethylenepentaamine | orthorhombic | I 41/a | a =25.770 b =25.770 c =9.812 | [26] | |||
[Fe(2,2′-bipy)3]2[Ge4S10]·10H2O | monoclinic | P21/c | a=23.8411 b=13.6462 c=22.9029 β=93.400° Z=4 | 7438.1 | 1.643 | [21] | ||
{Fe(tepa)}2(μ-Ge2Se6) | tetragonal | I41/a | [22] | |||||
K2FeGe3S8 | triclinic | P1 | a = 7.016, b= 7.770, c = 14.342, α = 93.80°, β = 92.65°, γ = 114.04° | [27] | ||||
K2CoGe3S8 | monoclinic | P21 | a = 7.1089, b = 11.8823, c = 16.759, β = 96.604° | [27] | ||||
[{Co(tepa)}2(μ-Ge2S6)] | tepa= tetraethylenepentaamine | tetragonal | I41/a | [22] | ||||
[dienH2][Co(dien)2][Ge2S6] | dien = diethylenetriamine | triclinic | P1 | a 11.3224 b 14.6492 c 18.3710, α 71.000° β 78.352° γ 73.441° Z=4 | 2741.5 | 1.715 | yellow | [28] |
[dienH2][Co(dien)2][Ge2S6] | triclinic | P1 | a 11.3224 b 14.6492 c 18.3710, α 71.000° β 78.352° γ 73.441° Z=1 | 679.62 | 1.730 | yellow | [28] | |
[dienH2][Co(dien)2][Ge2S6] | orthorhombic | Pbca | a=15.2110 b=16.7025 c=21.8821 Z=8 | 5559.4 | 1.692 | yellow | [28] | |
[dienH2][Co(dien)2][Ge2S6] | orthorhombic | Pca21 | a=a=14.7043 b=9.0099 c=21.4540 Z=4 | 2842.3 | 1.655 | yellow | [28] | |
[Ni(cyclam)]3[Ni(cyclam)(H2O)2][Ge4S10]2·21H2O | cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane | monoclinic | Cc | a=35.915 b=10.047 c=30.607 β =115.32 Z=4 | 9983 | 1.778 | [21] | |
[Ni(en)3]2Ge2S6 | en=ethylenediamine | orthorhombic | Pbca | a 15.56 b 11.226 c 18.07 | [12] | |||
[Ni(dien)2]3[Ge3Sb8S21]·0.5H2O | dien = diethylenetriamine | [29] | ||||||
[Ni(trien)2]2Ge4S10 | bis(bis(triethylenetetramine)-nickel) hexakis(μ2-sulfido)-tetrasulfido-tetra-germanium | monoclinic | C2/c | a =21.618 b =10.957 c =22.719, β=111.224° | [30] | |||
[{Ni(tepa)}2(μ-Ge2S6)] | tetrakis(μ2-sulfido)-disulfido-bis(tetraethylenepentamine)-di-germanium-di-nickel | orthorhombic | Pbca | a =15.151 b =13.083 c =15.255 | [30] | |||
[NiII(dien)2]2(Ge2S6) | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P 21/n | a 10.093 b 14.219 c 11.703, β 91.631° | [26] | |||
[NiII(dien)2](H2pipe)(Ge2S6) | pipe = piperazine | triclinic | P1 | a 6.980 b 8.530 c 11.527, α 93.03° β 106.29° γ 101.95° | [26] | |||
[NiII(tepa)]2(μ2-Ge2S6) | tepa = tetraethylenepentamine | orthorhombic | Pbca | a =15.147 b =13.0552 c =15.238 | [26] | |||
[(CH3CH2)4N]3CuGe4S10 | catena-[hexakis(tetraethylammonium) hexadecakis(μ-sulfido)-tetrakis(sulfido)-octa-germanium-di-copper] | monoclinic | P 21/n | a 15.0956 b 14.2127 c =19.5889, β 91.131° | [7] | |||
[H4teta]5[Cu40Ge15S60]·2.5(teta) | [31] | |||||||
Cu(AlS2)(GeS2)4 | monoclinic | P21/n | a 6.796 b 37.628 c 6.8797, β 119.52° | [16] | ||||
Cu4MnGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=16.7443 b=6.47893 c=9.8060 β=93.188° | [15] | ||||
Cu4FeGe2S7 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.7405 b=5.3589 c=8.3420 β=98.661° | [15] | ||||
Cu4CoGe2S7 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.7280 b=5.3399 c=8.3313 β=98.668° | [15] | ||||
Cu4NiGe2S7 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.703 b=5.333 c=8.311 β=98.37° | [15] | ||||
Sr2CoGe2OS6 | tetrahedral | P421m | a=9.4056 c=6.1741 Z=2 | 546.19 | 3.574 | dark green; oxysulfide | [32] | |
Y3LiGeS7 | [33] | |||||||
[Y2(tepa)2(μ-OH)2(μ-Ge2S6)](tepa)0.5·H2O | monoclinic | C2/c | a=19.638 b=14.415 c=16.910 β=122.47 Z=4 | 4038.6 | 1.863 | colourless | [11] | |
KYGeS4 | [34] | |||||||
[{RNGe(μ-S)3}4Pd6]·MeOH | RN = CMe2CH2CMeNNH2 | [9] | ||||||
Ag10Ge3S11 | monoclinic | Cc | a = 2.6244 b = 0.65020 c = 2.5083 β = 109.910° | [35] | ||||
[(CH3CH2)4N]3AgGe4S10 | catena-[hexakis(tetraethylammonium) hexadecakis(μ-sulfido)-tetrakis(sulfido)-di-silver-octa-germanium] | monoclinic | P 21/n | a 15.1898 b 14.3043 c 19.5059, β 91.056° | [7] | |||
Ag(AlS2)(GeS2)4 | monoclinic | P21/n | a 6.799 b 38.4169 c 6.813 β 119.65° | [16] | ||||
Li4CdGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=17.4432 b=6.9353 c=10.3271 β=93.9042° | [15] | ||||
Na4CdGe2S7 | monoclinic | P21/c | a=7.0813 b=11.9007 c=15.5759 β=90.791° | [15] | ||||
Y3Cd0.5GeS7 | [33] | |||||||
Ag4SnGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=11.3398 b=6.9706 c=15.4885 β=91.213° | yellow; ∞[SnGe2S8]6– chains | [15] | |||
Na9Sb(Ge2S6)2 | monoclinic | C2/m | a=7.5857 b=11.574 c=6.817 β=106.587 Z=1 | 573.7 | 2.905 | yellow | [36] | |
[Ge(en)3][GeSb2S6] | orthorhombic | Pbca | [1] | |||||
[(Me)2NH2]6[Ge2Sb2S7][Ge4S10] | triclinic | P1 | microporous, can exchange dimethyl ammonium for alkalis | [28][37] | ||||
[dabcoH]2[Ge2Sb3S10] | dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane | [28] | ||||||
DMAH[dabcoH]2[Ge2Sb3S10] | dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane | monoclinic | C2 | [1] | ||||
[DMAH]2GeSb3S6 | P41212 | [1] | ||||||
[AEPH2][GeSb2S6]·CH3OH | AEP = N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine | orthorhombic | Pbca | a=6.7183 b=18.3065 c=31.5007 Z=8 | 3874.2 | 2.303 | yellow | [28][38] |
[CH3NH3]20Ge10Sb28S72·7H2O | monoclinic | C2/c | a =29.2964 b=29.3261 c=41.601 β=100.084° | [39] | ||||
[(CH3CH2CH2)2NH2]3Ge3Sb5S15·0.5(C2H5OH) | triclinic | P1 | a=9.7628 b=15.7590 c=17.0313, α=79.868° β=75.010° γ=81.094° | [39] | ||||
[Mn(en)3][GeSb2S6] | dien = diethylenetriamine | orthorhombic | Pbca | a=13.374 b=17.607 c=18.562 Z=8 | 4370.8 | 2.26 | yellow | [28][40] |
[Co(en)3][GeSb2S6] | orthorhombic | Pbca | ||||||
[Co(dien)2]2[GeSb4S10] | dien = diethylenetriamine | orthorhombic | Pbca | a=14.684 b=17.133 c=33.478 Z=8 | 8422 | 2.205 | yellow | [28][40] |
[Ni(en)3][GeSb2S6] | orthorhombic | Pbca | ||||||
[Ni(dien)2]3[Ge3Sb8S21]·0.5H2O | monoclinic | C2/m | a =17.604 b =30.660 c =15.348 β =114.69° | [28] | ||||
La(dien)2(μ–η1,η2-GeS3(SH)) | monoclinic | C2/c | a=27.837 b=16.993 c=8.318 β =103.96 Z=8 | 3818.7 | 1.903 | red | [41] | |
KLaGeS4 | monoclinic | P21 | a=6.6645 b=6.7079 c=8.7248 β=107.519° Z=2 | 371.95 | SHG 1.2×AgGaS2; band gap 3.34 eV; birefringence 0.098 @ 1064 nm | [34] | ||
Nd(dien)2(μ–η1,η2-GeS3(SH)) | monoclinic | C2/c | a=27.694 b=16.845 c=8.287 β =103.791 Z=8 | 3754.4 | 1.955 | red | [41] | |
[Pr(dien)3]2[Ge2S6]Cl2 | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | a=11.637 b=14.143 c=15.120 β=98.149° Z=4 | 2463 | 1.765 | green | [42] |
[Sm(dien)3]2[Ge2S6]Cl2 | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | 11.532 b=14.423 c=14.573 β=97.105° Z=4 | 2405 | 1.834 | light yellow | [42] |
Sm3Zn0.5GeS7 | [33] | |||||||
Eu3Ge3S9 | a=8.468 b=11.76 c=8.389 α=90.49° β=104.56° γ=69.53° Z=2 | 4.22 meas | [43] | |||||
[Eu(dien)3]2[Ge2S6]Cl2 | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | a=11.567 b=14.633 c=14.465 β=96.434 Z=4 | 2432.9 | 1.818 | yellow | [11] |
Gd3Cd0.5GeS7 | [33] | |||||||
[Gd(dien)3]2[Ge2S6]Cl2 | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | 11.548 b=14.677 c=14.427 β=96.332° Z=4 | 2430.4 | 1.834 | colourless | [42] |
[Dy(dien)3]2[Ge2S6]Cl2 | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | a=11.503 b=14.645 c=14.340 β=96.178° Z=4 | 2401.8 | 1.870 | light yellow | [42] |
[Ho(trien)(en)GeS3(SH)] | trien = triethylenetetramine | [42] | ||||||
Er2(tepa)2(μ-OH)2(μ-Ge2S6)]n·nH2O | tepa = tetraethylenepentamine | [44] | ||||||
[Er2(dien)4(μ-OH)2][Ge2S6] | dien = diethylenetriamine | monoclinic | P21/n | 11.710 b=11.318 c=13.548 β=97.635° Z=4 | 1779.6 | 2.088 | red | [42] |
Tm2(tepa)2(μ-OH)2(μ-Ge2S6)]n·nH2O | tepa = tetraethylenepentamine | [44] | ||||||
Li4HgGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=16.876 b=6.7764 c=10.161 β=93.360° | [15] | ||||
Ag4HgGe2S7 | monoclinic | Cc | a=17.4546 b=6.8093 c=10.5342 β=93.3980° | [15] | ||||
[(Me)2NH2][BiGeS4] | monoclinic | P21 | a=6.7290 b c=10.6748 β=105.789 Z=2 | 479.72 | 3.156 | red | [45] |
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- v
- t
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H2S | He | ||||||||||||||||||||
Li2S | BeS | B2S3 +BO3 | CS2 COS | (NH4)SH | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||
Na2S | MgS | Al2S3 | SiS SiS2 -Si | PxSy -P | -S2− 2 | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||
K2S | CaS | ScS Sc2S3 | TiS TiS2 Ti2S3 TiS3 | VS VS2 V2S3 | CrS Cr2S3 | MnS MnS2 | FeS Fe3S4 | CoS | NiS | Cu2S CuS | ZnS | GaS Ga2S3 | GeS GeS2 -Ge | As2S3 As4S3 -As | SeS2 +Se | Br | Kr | ||||
Rb2S | SrS | Y2S3 | ZrS2 | NbS2 | MoS2 MoS3 | TcS2 Tc2S7 | Ru | Rh2S3 | PdS | Ag2S | CdS | In2S3 | SnS SnS2 -Sn | Sb2S3 Sb2S5 -Sb | TeS2 | I | Xe | ||||
Cs2S | BaS | * | LuS Lu2S3 | HfS2 | TaS2 | WS2 WS3 | ReS2 Re2S7 | OsS 4 | Ir2S3 IrS2 | PtS PtS2 | Au2S Au2S3 | HgS | Tl2S | PbS PbS2 | Bi2S3 | PoS | At | Rn | |||
Fr | Ra | ** | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||
* | LaS La2S3 | CeS Ce2S3 | PrS Pr2S3 | NdS Nd2S3 | PmS Pm2S3 | SmS Sm2S3 | EuS Eu2S3 | GdS Gd2S3 | TbS Tb2S3 | DyS Dy2S3 | HoS Ho2S3 | ErS Er2S3 | TmS Tm2S3 | YbS Yb2S3 | |||||||
** | Ac2S3 | ThS2 | Pa | US US2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No |