1135 – The city's seal, first attested, depicts the Archangel Michael robed, with outstretched wings, a halo, and the inscription "Sigillum Sancti Michaëlis"[9]
1142 or 1147 – The Battle of Ransbeek [fr] takes place.
1150 – St. Peter's Hospital [nl; fr] is established as a leper colony, run by a community of lay brothers and sisters, in what was then a remote area far from the city's original walls..[10]
1152 – St Nicholas Church [nl; fr] is first attested.[9]
1174 – The Grand-Place/Grote Markt is first attested as the Forum inferior or Nedermerckt.[11]
1381 – The Grand Serment des Arbalétriers de Bruxelles and Serment de Saint-Georgesschutterijen of arbalists and archers are founded by the Duchess of Brabant.[24]
14 April: A fire destroys part of the Chapel Church and the surrounding neighbourhood.[20]
1411 – 12 June: The Homines Intelligentiae, supposedly founded by Ægidius Cantor, is first mentioned in an ecclesiastical ruling by Pierre d'Ailly, and are prosecuted, resulting in the imprisonment and exile of William of Hildernissen, though the overall outcome is unknown.
The guilds are represented in the city government alongside the patrician lineages of the Seven Noble Houses.[25]
1424 – The city's aldermen issue the earliest known municipal regulation in the Low Countries on medicine and midwifery, detailing qualifications for doctors and midwives.[26]
6 May: De Violette [fr] chamber of rhetoric is first attested.[33]
1499 – 25 February: The Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows [nl] is established by members of De Lelie and De Violette.
16th & 17th centuries
1507 – 15 September: 't Mariacranske [nl; fr] chamber of rhetoric is established following the merger of De Lelie and De Violette, with Jan Smeken [nl; fr] becoming its first factor.[34]
1539 – 3 January: The Supreme Charity [fr] is established in response to Charles V's 7 October 1531 edict, which banned begging and centralised town welfare revenue to combat pauperism.[36]
1543 – Brussels lace is explicitly mentioned for the first time in a list of presents given to Princess Mary for New Year's.[37]
1544 – Andreas Vesalius marries Anna van Hamme and has a daughter, moving into a large estate in Hellestraetken, near today’s Rue des Minimes/Minimenstraat [fr].
1555 – 25 October: Charles V abdicates in the Aula Magna of the Palace of Coudenberg.[3]
1576 – 4 September: The Calvinist Republic of Brussels [nl; fr] is founded following the imprisonment [nl] of the Council of State and the Secret Council.
1577 – 24 September: The Joyous Entry of William the Silent [nl] into the city takes place.
1 May: All public displays of Catholicism are banned.[41]
9–10 July: The city tries to capture [nl]Halle under the command of Olivier van den Tympel [nl; fr].
1585 – 10 March: The city is besieged [nl; fr] by the Army of Flanders.[42][43]
1587 – 20 July: During a mystery play performed by the Brethren of the Common Life, a lodge collapsed, killing the author Petrus Fabri and alderman Eustachius Pipenpoy, and injuring several spectators.[44]
1589 – October: The city grants the Augustinians a tax exemption in exchange for holding mass at the town hall for three months each year and serving as firemen when needed.[45]
1590 – 31 March: The city decides to construct the Simpelhuys, a complex featuring residential blocks, kitchens, a bakery, and sixty dedicated cells for individuals with mental health needs.[46]
21 December: Anna Utenhoven, arrested with Anna and Catharina Rampaerts, was found guilty of heresy and buried alive on the Haerenheyde, becoming the last person executed for heresy in the Low Countries.
12 July: A riot breaks out after the city imposes a tax on wine and beer (the gigot).[3]
1622 – The funeral of Archduke Albert VII takes place.
1625
The Deuchthuys opens to forcebeggars, slackers, and vagrants to produce textile goods, with Daniel Sirejacobs serving as its first director.[50]
24 November: The first postulants enter the Convent of the Ladies of Berlaymont [nl; fr].[9]
1631 – The Royal Grand Brotherhood of St Guido is first attested.[51][52]
1634 – In a sparsely populated area at the end of Rue de Laeken/Lakensestraat [fr], a house is constructed to isolate and care plague sufferers.[9]
1646
The Small Beguinage of Brussels [nl] is founded.
6 October: Purple rain falls on the city; the downpour elicits scientific examination and explanation.[3]
1654 – The Barony of Jette is formed.[53]
1657 – De Wijngaard theatre company is established, possibly out of 't Mariacranske.[54]
1659 – The Barony of Jette is elevated to a county.[53]
1668
7 June: The city enacts an ordinance to combat the Black Death and appoints a Plague Master to oversee the care of the sick.[55]
27 July: To prevent the spread of the Black Death, the city restricts movement to evenings, bans gatherings, and prohibits the sale of certain foods, while confiscating and destroying grain, flour, and meat.[55]
1670 – 7 January: A posthumous mass is held in honor of the victims of the Black Death.[55]
1672 – The Fort of Monterey [nl; fr] is built.
1682 – 24 January: The Opéra du Quai au Foin opens as the first public theatre in the city.
1686 – 3 September: The Palace of Thurn and Taxis on the Sablon hosts a grand banquet to celebrate the Holy League's victory in the siege of Buda. Fireworks light up the Sablon, attracting a curious crowd.[9]
1690 – 11–12 October: A fire breaks out in La Louve/De Wolvin [fr] guildhall on the Grand-Place.
1724 – March: The Senne floods: The lower city is 3 feet underwater.[60]
1731 – 3–4 February: The Palace of Coudenberg is destroyed by fire.[3]
1733 – 10 February: The city instructs gravediggers to bury corpses at least three feet deep to prevent dogs from uncovering them and causing infections.[23]
1798 – 27 May: The city renames streets with religious or monarchist connotations to more republican names, as required by the French administration.[9]
1800
Population: 66,297.[3]
10 January: The Société de littérature de Bruxelles [fr]literary society is established.
15 August: The Fire Brigade [nl; fr] is established, marking the formation of Belgium's first professional firefighting unit.
1844 – The Belgian-Bavarian friturist Jean Frédéric Krieger [nl], also known as Monsieur Fritz, opens Fritz à l'instar Paris, the first friterie in the city.[74]
The last public execution is held at the Halle Gate.[3]
21 January: A fire at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie results in the deaths of three firefighters, leaving only the exterior walls and portico standing.
1856
28 March: The reconstructed Royal Theatre of La Monnaie opens.
1863 – 15 December: Jules Anspach is appointed mayor by royal decree.[3]
1864
The Avenue Louise and Bois de la Cambre are annexed from Ixelles by the City of Brussels.
The first Luizenmolen [nl; fr] is build.
26 September: Nadar launches the hot air balloon Le Géant from the Botanical Garden. To ensure the crowd's safety, Jules Anspach erects mobile barriers, thereby inventing crowd control barriers.
The Grand Serment royal et de Saint-Georges des Arbalétriers de Bruxelles [fr] is established as a continuation of the Grand Serment des Arbalétriers de Bruxelles and Serment de Saint-Georgesschutterijen.
Witlof is sold for the first time in a market, likely the New Market at the steps of the Congress Column, after being created by Frans Bresiers [nl].
The Halle Gate is renovated in the neo-Gothic style.[77]
27–28 May: A protest erupts at Victor Hugo's house in Barricadenplein/Place des Barricades [nl; fr] after he writes an open letter denouncing the Belgian government for fearing the arrival of Paris Communards. A week later, he is expelled from the country.[78]
17 December: Charles Buls is appointed mayor by royal decree.
1882 – 7 January: The accountant Guillaume Bernays [fr] is killed by Léon Peltzer [fr] on behalf of his brother Armand Peltzer at 159, rue de la Loi/Wetstraat.
Chez Léon [nl; fr] is established, laying the basis for the French restaurant chain Léon de Bruxelles.
11–18 April: The Belgian general strike of 1893 is called after politicians of Catholic and Liberal parties joined to block a proposal to expand the suffrage.[87]
29 October: La Libre Esthétique artistic society is founded by Octave Maus as a successor of Les XX.
4 February: The first Scharnaval [nl; fr] is held.[88]
25 October: The New University of Brussels is established after Élisée Reclus was barred from teaching for political reasons, prompting liberal and socialist faculty members from the Free University to plan an independent institution.
28–29 June: The June Riots [nl] erupt, after a Catholic proposal to rewrite the electoral law in their favour leads to tumultuous parliamentary debates.
1 February: Le Drapeau Rouge [nl; fr] and De Roode Vaan [nl] clandestine newspapers begin their publication by the Communist Party of Belgium.[101]
13 March: The Frontstalag 110 POW camp is dissolved.[103][104]
29 May: The 'Hunger march for the release of prisoners of war', 3,000 women rally behind slogans and march through the city.[101]
June: A passenger train derails in Uccle after a failed sabotage attempt by the Belgian National Movement of a tank transport from Charleroi on line 154 [nl; fr].[105]
30 June: Joseph Van De Meulebroeck is arrested and deported; Jules Coelst [nl; fr] is designated deputy mayor.
10 October: Bombing of the Rex headquarters on the Rue de Laeken/Lakensestraat [fr]; Jean-Joseph Oedekerken is killed.[101]
25 November: The Free University of Brussels closes.[101][107]
1942
January: Groupe G is formed by a group of former students of the Free University.
10 March: Violence erupts in the city during a parade of the Walloon Legion before leaving for the Eastern Front, marked by bombings and attacks from communist militants against collaborators and military targets.[108]
3 September: A razzia occurs in the Marolles, 718 are arrested and transported to Dossin.[109]
24 September: Greater Brussels [nl] is formed by merging 18 municipalities into the City of Brussels; Jan Grauls is appointed mayor.[101]
14 April: Paul Colin is assassinated by Arnaud Fraiteur.[110]
27 April: A failed assassination attempt on Icek Glogowski, occurs at his residence on Rue Vanderkindere/Vanderkinderestraat [fr] when a pistol jams, after which he is transported daily by the Gestapo.
7 September: The city is bombarded [nl] by the Allies, killing 342.
Scenes of jubilation as British troops liberate Brussels, 4 September 1944
1945 – 10 June: A mock funeral procession for Adolf Hitler is held in the Marolles, during which funds were raised to support the victims of Auschwitz.[112][113]
12 September: Jacques Georgin [nl; fr] is attacked by members of the Order of Flemish Militants while pasting election posters in Laeken and later dies of a heart attack.
7 May: The Bulletin initiates a petition calling for a car-free Grand-Place, signed by many locals, including Jacques Brel, followed by a picnic protest, blocking car access to the square. Months later, the mayor yields.[124]
26 July: The Brussels Agglomeration [fr; nl] is created.[125]
1 September: Mayor Roger Nols [nl; fr] of Schaerbeek sets up separate counters [nl; fr] in the Town Hall, violating the Language Law on Administrative Affairs [nl] requiring bilingual municipal officials.
25 November: The first and only elections of the Brussels Agglomeration Council [nl] are held.[3]
1972 – La Villa Lorraine [nl; fr] becomes the first restaurant outside France to earn a Michelin star.
March: Bruneau restaurant is opened by the chef Jean-Pierre Bruneau.
1 January: The Fire Brigade [nl; fr] merges with four surrounding brigades as part of a restructuring effort following the À L'Innovation department store fire.
4 December: A French-Algerian man is killed by members of the Front de la Jeunesse, sparking a massive anti-racist demonstration; Justice MinisterPhilippe Moureaux introduces a law against racism in Parliament, which is adopted a few months later.[131]
1981
21 March: King Baudouin Park [nl; fr] is laid out.[3]
1 April: Studio Brussel is established as a regional radio station of the BRT.
31 December: A burglary by the Brabant Killers at the Gendarmerie barracks in Etterbeek stealing weapons, ammunition, and a car, some of which were allegedly found later in Madani Bouhouche's garage.
9 January: Robbery and murder of Greek-born taxi driver Constantin Angelou by the Brabant Killers. The car and body are later found in Mons.[132][133]
28 January: Raymond Dewee's Peugeot 504, along with his ID and driving licence, are stolen at gunpoint in Watermael-Boitsfort. Two weeks later, the car is used in an armed robbery at a Genval Delhaize, linked to the Brabant Killers.[134]
25 February: The Brabant Killers carry out an armed robbery at a Delhaize in Fort Jaco [fr], stealing less than 600,000 BEF with no fatalities.[135]
23 October: The Peace March [nl] occurs, with over 400,000 participants, protesting the NATO plan to place nuclear weapons at Kleine-Brogel and Florennes under the Double-Track Decision.
1984
13 February: The body of Christine Van Hees [nl] is discovered in an abandoned mushroom farm in Auderghem.
7 September: The Bar Association of Brussels is split into French-speaking and Dutch-speaking orders.[136]
2–8 October: The Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) carry out three attacks against companies cooperating with NATO, resulting in minimal damage.[137]
15 October: Attack on the liberal Paul Hymans Institute in Ixelles by the CCC.[137]
1 May: The CCC attacks the Federation of Belgian Enterprises offices on the Rue des Sols/Stuiversstraat [nl], killing two firefighters and injuring 13 others.[137]
6 May: The CCC carries out an attack against a Gendarmerie building, blaming them for the death of the two firefighters on 1 May.[137]
8 October: The CCC attacks the headquarters of electricity producer Intercom.[138]
4 November: The CCC attacks the bank BBL in Etterbeek.[138]
21 November: During Ronald Reagan's visit to NATO headquarters in Evere, a bomb explodes in an office building targeting Motorola for its cooperation with the military.[137]
14 December: The French-language television station Télé Bruxelles [nl; fr] is established.
1986
29 September: Autoworld opens.
8 December: The Flemish private club De Warande is founded and establishes itself in the Hôtel Empain [nl; fr].
1987
Jeanneke Pis statue is erected as counterpoint to Manneken Pis.
15 September: The Dutch-language television station TV Brussel is launched from the Royal Flemish Theatre.[141]; Beliris is established as a joint venture between the Belgian Federal Government and the Brussels-Capital Region.
7 October: An ordinance is adopted to establish a framework for enhancing vulnerable neighbourhoods, later referred to as "neighbourhood contracts [nl; fr]".[2][4]
17 November: Anti-Kurdish violence [nl] erupt, as around 300 Turkish youths targeted the Kurdish community of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, setting fires at three associations and attacking several families.
7 May: Ahmed Isnasni and Habiba El-Hajji are shot and killed by their neighbour, Hendrik Vyt, at their residence in Schaerbeek. Vyt also wounds two of their sons before committing self-immolation.[154][155]
10 December: The Film Museum [nl; fr] in integrated into CINEMATEK.
2003
13 March: The Iris Festival is created by ordinance.[156]
Denis-Adrien Debouvrie, a wealthy local restaurant owner and creator of Jeanneke Pis, is stabbed and killed by the Tunisian restaurant owner Tarek Ladhari.[160]
12 May: Manneken Pis receives his 1000th costume, created by fashion designer Jean-Paul Lespagnard.[172][173]
5 June: Nigerian sex worker Eunice Osayande is fatally stabbed by a client. Her death leads to protests by migrant sex worker communities.[174]
20 June: The reastablised Brussels International Film Festival is held.
2 December: The first School Strike for Climate occurs in the city, drawing 65,000 people to the streets, demanding clean air, renewable energy, and political action.[175]
30 September: Océade closes to make way for NEO [nl].
14 January: Riots erupt [nl] following the death of Ibrahima Barrie in police custody.
10 October: The Back to the Climate [nl] protest occurs on the eve of COP26, with police reporting 25,000 participants and organizers claiming 50,000 to 70,000.
^ abcde"INLEIDING TOT DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN UKIŒL" (PDF). Ucclensia (14): 22. 14 March 1968.
^ ab"Microsoft Word - resume_poster_Prignon.doc". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdState, Paul F. (2004). Woronoff, Jon (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Brussels(PDF). United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5075-3.
^ ab"De Frankische tijd". www.delbeccha.be. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^"Archeologische site in Laarbeekbos krijgt infoborden". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^State, Paul F. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Brussels. Scarecrow Press. p. 269.
^"CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Weninger's Lives of the Saints – Saint Guido, Confessor". Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqr"Brusselse chronologie". www.tiki-toki.com. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"Verloren verleden: De Brusselse lepralijders". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^Hennaut, Eric; Hulsbosh, Laurent. De Grote Markt van Brussel. Solibel Edition.
^"Ancien Grand Serment Royal et Noble des Arbalétriers de Notre Dame du Sablon". Erfgoedcel Brussel (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^Charles Harrison Townsend (1916), Beautiful buildings in France & Belgium, New York: Hubbell, OL 7213871M
^"De keure van 1229", Brussel: Waar is de Tijd, 6 (1999), pp. 133-135.
^"Begijnhof – Inventaris van het bouwkundig erfgoed". monument.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ abGrant Allen (1904), Belgium: its cities, Boston: Page, OL 24136954M
^"Histoire". www.meyboom.be. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^"Grote Zavel – Inventaris van het bouwkundig erfgoed". monument.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 August 2024.
^NWS, VRT (22 January 2020). "Waarom een monnik het hoofd van "de eerste feministe" van Brussel verplettert in de kathedraal". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ abcVannieuwenhuyze, Bram. "Brussel in vuur en vlam. Feiten, preventie, bestrijding en verwerking van historische stadsbranden" (PDF). Tijd-Sc (2): 20.
^"L'Ommegang". patrimoine.brussels (in French). Direction du Patrimoine culturel.
^Cluse, C.M. "DE JODENVERVOLGINGEN TEN TIJDE VAN DE PEST (1349-50) IN DE ZUIDELIJKE NEDERLANDEN" (PDF).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ab"Verloren verleden: Het begraven van de doden". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Un peu d'histoire". GSR BXL (in French). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^David M. Nicholas, The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500 (Routledge, 2014), p. 139.
^"Verloren verleden: De Brusselse vroedvrouwen". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Verloren verleden: De Brusselse dominicanen". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^Robert Proctor (1898). "Books Printed From Types: Belgium: Bruxelles". Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. hdl:2027/uc1.c3450632 – via HathiTrust.
^ abBBC News (29 February 2012). "Belgium Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^DBNL. "De Corenbloem, Repertorium van rederijkerskamers in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en Luik 1400-1650, Anne-Laure Van Bruaene". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"De Wapengilden van Brussel — Patrimoine - Erfgoed". erfgoed.brussels. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^DBNL. "De Lelie, Repertorium van rederijkerskamers in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en Luik 1400-1650, Anne-Laure Van Bruaene". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^DBNL. "De Violette, Repertorium van rederijkerskamers in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en Luik 1400-1650, Anne-Laure Van Bruaene". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^DBNL. "DBNL rederijkerskamer - Het Mariacransken". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^N., R. (1932). "Bonenfant (Paul). — La création à Bruxelles de la Suprême Charité. Annexe au Rapport annuel de la Commission d'Assistance publique de la ville de Bruxelles pour 1928,1930". Revue du Nord. 18 (71): 231–231.
^Strickland, Agnes (1903). Lives of the queens of England, from the Norman conquest;. unknown library. Philadelphia, Printed for subscribers by G. Barrie & son.
^"Tijdsbalk - 1560 tot 1570 jaar in onze jaartelling" (in Dutch). willebroek.be. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^Jamieson, Frances (formerly Thurtle) (1820). The History of Spain, from the Earliest Ages ... to the Return of Ferdinand VII. in 1814. Whittaker.
^van Stipriaan, René (2021). De zwijger. Het leven van Willem van Oranje. p. 610.
^"Farnese, Alessandro", in Historical Dictionary of Brussels, by Paul F. State (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 p.163
^Demetrius C. Boulger, The History of Belgium: Cæsar to Waterloo (Princeton University Press, 1902) p.335
^"Verloren verleden: Broeders van het Gemene Leven". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Verloren verleden: De Brusselse augustijnen". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Verloren verleden: Waanzin in het Simpelhuys". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Anonymous, German, 16th century | Entrance of the Archduke Ernest to Brussels, January 30, 1594". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^De Schrijver, Machteld. Een voorouder van Ludwig Van Beethoven als heks verbrand(PDF) (in Dutch).
^"Verloren verleden: Dwangarbeid in het Deuchthuys". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Verloren verleden: Dwangarbeid in het Deuchthuys". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Groot Broederschap van de Heilige Sint-Guido stelt zichzelf tentoon". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
^"De Swaene | broederschap-van-sint-guido-2023". De Swaene (in Flemish). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
^ ab"Commune de Ganshoren". ArchivIris (in French). 17 June 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^Sleiderink, Remco; Geysen, Frederik. "UITZONDERLIJKE ONTHULLING VAN HET OUDSTE ARCHIEFSTUK IN HET AMVB" (PDF). Arduin (15).
^ abc"Verloren verleden: De pest in Brussel". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^De Roose, Fabien (1999). De Fonteinen van Brussel [The Fountains of Brussels] (in Dutch). Brussels. ISBN 978-90-209-3838-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Bruxelles". search.arch.be. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^DBNL. "Tsaar Peter de Grote: identiteit en imago Rietje van Vliet, Literatuur. Jaargang 13". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"KMI - 16de - 18de eeuw - Ancien Régime". KMI (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 July 2024.
^James E. McClellan (1985). "Official Scientific Societies: 1600-1793". Science Reorganized: Scientific Societies in the Eighteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05996-1.
^ ab"L'histoire du Parc". Théâtre Royal du Parc. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^"Politieke spanningen tijdens Brabantse Omwenteling". Historiek (in Dutch). 4 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
^A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 270–271.
^Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. "Museum History". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^"BIG CITY. In Argentinië eten ze een Brusselse peersoort". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 July 2024.
^"De Rederijkers vierden feest". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ ab"Belgium". International Banking Directory. New York: Bankers Publishing Company. 1922. hdl:2027/hvd.hb1sji.
^ abc"Belgium". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
^"Belgium". Political Chronology of Europe. Europa Publications. 2003. ISBN 978-1-135-35687-3.
^"Het project". www.kanaalnaarcharleroi.be. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"KBR door de eeuwen heen • KBR". KBR (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^"Cercle Royal du Parc – Histoire". Cercle Royal du Parc (in French). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^"De Belgische Frietkotcultuur · Centrum Agrarische Geschiedenis (CAG)". cagnet.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^"De Commune van Parijs en Brussel". Historiek (in Dutch). 10 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
^"De Koninklijke Sint-Hubertusgalerijen". Historiek (in Dutch). 12 February 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
^NWS, VRT (16 March 2024). "'Noirauds' op pad in Brussel : "We waren erg triest toen onze traditie racistisch werd genoemd"". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^"Hôtel communal d'Anderlecht – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 16 February 2023.
^ abc"Belgium". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.
^"Beursschouwburg – Inventaris van het bouwkundig erfgoed". monument.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^ ab"Hôtel communal de Schaerbeek – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^"Hôtel communal de Molenbeek-Saint-Jean – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon (2011). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Cycling. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7175-5.
^"Léon Delsinne (1952): De Belgische Werkliedenpartij van haar oorsprong tot 1894". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^"Scharnaval | Schaarbeek". Schaerbeek 1030 Schaarbeek (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^"La Maison du Peuple, chef d'oeuvre de Victor Horta". L'Echo. 16 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Thurn en Taxis – Inventaris van het bouwkundig erfgoed". monument.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^"Museum David en Alice Van Buuren – Inventaris van het roerend erfgoed". collections.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Kaaitheater, voormalig Lunatheater – Inventaris van het bouwkundig erfgoed". monument.heritage.brussels (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^"Het Gemeentehuis — Vorst - 1190". www.vorst.irisnet.be (in Dutch).
^ abcdefghijklm"Tijdslijn". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Militärbefehlshaber Belgien Militärbefehlshaber Belgien". www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^ ab"German Frontstalag Camps". Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ ab"Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Frontstalag". www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"L'accident du pont de la rue de Stalle en juln 1941" (PDF). Ucclensia (194): 11–12.
^"1941-08-18 De eerste zending van de ontsnappingslijn verlaat Brussel". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"25 november 1941. De sluiting van de ULB". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"10 maart 1942. Geweld in de Brusselse straten". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"3 september 1942. Razzia onder de Joden". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Executie van Paul Colin". www.belgiumwwii.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Prins Regent Karel | De Belgische Monarchie". The Belgian Monarchy (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Zwans, een verzet vermomd in humor". Historiek (in Dutch). 20 December 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
^"De begrafenis van Adolf Hitler – CIRCUIT MAROLLES-MIDI / MAROLLEN-ZUIDSTATION". marolles-jewishmemories.net. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
^British Pathé (10 November 2020). BELGIUM: Major fire in Brussels (1947). Retrieved 9 August 2024 – via YouTube.
^ abc"King Baudouin". The Belgian Monarchy. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^DBNL. "Koning Boudewijn Jong, maar in de harde leerschool van het leven gerijpt, Band. Jaargang 14". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"Geschiedenis". www.kvs.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^Dendooven, Pascal (5 July 2003). "De onversaagde kruideniers van Delhaize".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Benelux - PART 2 - INSTITUTIONS". 21 May 2006. Archived from the original on 21 May 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^"L'EFFONDREMENT DE L'IMMEUBLE abritant l'Institut belge des statistiques a fait seize morts" (in French). 19 September 1962. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
^Verhulst, Adriaan; Deweerdt, Mark; De Metsenaere, Machteld. "Taalgrens". Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse beweging.
^"- NDC mediagroep - De Krant van Toen". www.dekrantvantoen.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
^"Geschiedenis" (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Onleefbare stad? Philippe Van Parijs roept op tot ongehoorzaamheid". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^Major Cities and Their Peripheries: Co-operation and Co-ordinated Management. Local and Regional Authorities in Europe. Council of Europe Press. 1993. ISBN 978-92-871-2394-7. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^"5.9. Aankondiging voor het Congres van de Brusselse Vlamingen op 26.4.1975". Liberas (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Un hôtel brûle: une douzaine de morts" (PDF). l'Impartial. 23 May 1977.
^Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
^"Archives of the City of Brussels". Brusselsmuseums.be. Conseil bruxellois des Musées. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
^ abcBrussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis. "Population Totale". Structure de la population. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^"Extreem-rechts - Bende van Nijvel" (in Dutch). 11 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^Debels, Thierry (3 February 2023). "Bende van Nijvel: ook taxichauffeur Angelou werd vermoord omdat hij te veel wist". P-magazine.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Bergen - Bende van Nijvel" (in Dutch). 8 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Watermaal-Bosvoorde - Bende van Nijvel" (in Dutch). 8 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Ukkel - Bende van Nijvel" (in Dutch). 8 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Geschiedenis". Balie Brussel (in Flemish). Retrieved 19 July 2024.
^ abcdef"Zaak CCC - Bende van Nijvel" (in Dutch). 11 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ abcd"History of Brussels: Chronology". City of Brussels. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^Centre d'Informatique pour la Region Bruxelloise. "About the Region". Brussels-Capital Region Portal. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^"Historiek". Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"25 jaar geleden startte Nederlandstalige stadstelevisie in Brussel". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"Article 194" (PDF). The Belgian Constitution. Belgian House of Representatives. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^"Belgian mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"275,000 in Belgium Protest Handling of Child Sex Scandal". The New York Times. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^"La Grand-Place, Brussels". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000". Krakow the Open City. 17 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Dochter slachtoffers racistische moord in Schaarbeek getuigt". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Een mars ter nagedachtenis van Habiba en Ahmed | Schaarbeek". Schaerbeek 1030 Schaarbeek (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Justel databank". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^"Restauration de l'Atomium". Beliris (in French). Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^"Brussels to launch Cyclocity". POLITICO. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^Walter Rüegg [in German], ed. (2011). "Universities founded in Europe between 1945 and 1995". Universities Since 1945. History of the University in Europe. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49425-0.
^"Assises de Bruxelles: le meurtre du «roi de l'Îlot sacré» jugé". Le Soir (in French). 6 October 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^"Brussels Gallery Weekend – About us". BGW. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^"Olivier Bastin wordt Brusselse bouwmeester". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^"Gegevens van de geregistreerde entiteit | KBO Public Search". kbopub.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^"Bijzondere Wet met betrekking tot de Brusselse instellingen". codex.vlaanderen.be. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
^"Voorstadstreinen krijgen S-logo en halte Thurn & Taxis". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
^Dearden, Lizzie (22 March 2016). "Brussels attacks timeline: How bombings unfolded at airport and Metro station". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^"Brussels explosions: What we know about airport and metro attacks". BBC News. 9 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
^"Victims of the Brussels attacks". BBC News. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
^"Brussels attacks: 'Let us dare to be tender,' says king on first anniversary". The Guardian. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^"New NATO Headquarters". NATO. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^"Besluit Van De Brusselse Hoofdstedelijke Regering burgemeester. - benoeming stad brussel. - bij besluit van de brusselse hoofdstedelijke regering van 20 juli 2017, wordt de heer philippe close benoemd tot burgemeester van de stad brussel". etaamb.openjustice.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^McNally, Paul (13 May 2018). "Manneken Pis puts on his 1,000th costume". The Bulletin. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^"Did you know that Manneken Pis received his 1,000th costume?". Focus on Belgium. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^Report, Contributed (18 September 2021). "Brussels To Name Street After Eunice Osayande, Nigerian Prostitute Stabbed To Death In 2018". reportafrique.com. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
^"Minstens 65.000 betogers op grootste klimaatbetoging ooit in België". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
^"Nog twee Belgen overleden door nieuw coronavirus". De Standaard. 11 March 2020.
^Times, The Brussels. "10,000 people join Black Lives Matter demonstration in Brussels against police brutality and racism". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
^"DPG Media Privacy Gate". myprivacy.dpgmedia.be. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
^Hallet, Etienne. "L'Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles devient UCLouvain Saint-Louis Bruxelles". www.usaintlouis.be (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^"Colère du monde agricole : une statue du monument à John Cockerill démontée et brûlée sur la place du Luxembourg". RTBF (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
Bibliography
In English
Published in the 19th century
New Picture of Brussels, and its Environs, or, Stranger's Guide to the Curiosities of that Interesting City, London: Samuel Leigh, 1820, OCLC 63579821
"Brussels". Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium (4th ed.). Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1822. hdl:2027/njp.32101073846667.
David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Brussels". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
"Brussels", Cabinet Cyclopædia, vol. Cities and Principal Towns of the World, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC 2665202
"Brussels", A hand-book for travellers on the continent (2nd ed.), London: John Murray, 1838, OCLC 2030550
Frederick Knight Hunt (1845), "Brussels", The Rhine: its scenery & historical & legendary associations, London: Jeremiah How
"Brussels". Coghlan's Illustrated Guide to the Rhine (18th ed.). London: Trubner & Co. 1863.
Stranger's Guide to Brussels and its environs (6th ed.), Kiessling & Co., 1876
W. Pembroke Fetridge (1885), "Brussels to Antwerp", Harper's hand-book for travellers in Europe and the east, New York: Harper & Brothers
Anton Kreukels; et al., eds. (2005). "Brussels". Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49606-8.
Xhardez, Catherine (2016). "The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle". Brussels Studies. Translated by Jane Corrigan. doi:10.4000/brussels.1434. - translation of "L’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à Bruxelles : un puzzle institutionnel et politique"
In other languages
Almanach royal de la cour, des provinces méridionales et de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Bruxelles: A. Stapleaux. 1817.
Marie-Nicolas Bouillet [in French]; L.G. Gourraigne (1914). "Bruxelles". Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de geographie (in French) (34th ed.). Paris: Hachette.
Hennaut, Eric (2000). La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
Henne, Alexandre; Wauters, Alphonse (1845). Histoire de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Perichon.
Spapens, Christian (2005). Les Boulevards extérieurs de la Porte de Hal à la Place Rogier. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 40. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine. ISBN 978-2-96005-026-4.
Zeiller, Martin (1654). "Brussel". Topographia Circuli Burgundici. Topographia Germaniae (in German). Frankfurt. p. 44+.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Brussels.
Europeana. Items related to Brussels, various dates.