Xitun Formation
Geological formation in Yunnan, China
Xitun Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Early Devonian (Lochkovian) PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Cuifengshan Group[1] |
Underlies | Guijiatun Formation[2] |
Overlies | Xiaxishancun Formation[2] |
Lithology | |
Primary | Calciferous mudstones[2] |
Location | |
Coordinates | 25°29.853'N and 103°46.309'E[2] |
Region | Yunnan Province |
Country | ![]() |
Extent | Qujing |
Type section | |
Named for | Xitun village |
The Xitun Formation is a palaeontological formation which is named after Xitun village in Qujing, a location in South China. This formation includes many remains of fossilized fish and plants of the Early Devonian period (Late Lochkovian).[1][2] It was originally referred to as the Xitun Member of the Cuifengshan Formation (now the Cuifengshan Group).[3]
Fossil content
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Vertebrates
Acanthodians
Acanthodians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Ischnacanthidae | Genus indet. | Qujing.[3] | 4 isolated scales (V7218.1, 3, 6 & 8) & 2 longitudinal sections (V7218.4 & 7).[3] | Similar to Ischnacanthus & Acanthodes, may be referrable to Youngacanthus. | |
Nostolepis | N. amplifica | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 43 trunk scales.[4] | ||
N. consueta | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | Around 25 trunk scales.[4] | |||
N. digitus | Xitun , Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 28 trunk scales.[4] | |||
N. qujingensis | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 19 trunk scales.[4] | |||
N. striata | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 69 trunk scales.[4] | |||
N. sp. indet. | Qujing.[3] | Body scales.[3] | |||
Youngacanthus | Y. gracilis | Qujing.[3] | Jaw elements & teeth.[3] | An ischnacanthid. |
Actinopterygians
Actinopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Meemannia | M. eos | Xitun village, Qujing.[5] | An early ray-finned fish, formerly thought to be a lobe finned fish.[6] |
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Changolepis | C. tricuspidus | Qujing.[3] | 10 scales of various growth stages.[3] | ||
Chondrichthyes | Genus indet. | Qujing.[3] | 4 isolated teeth (V7221.1, 2, 3 & 4). | May belong to Gualepis or Changolepis. | |
Gualepis | G. elegans | Xitun, Qilin district, Qujing.[7] | Thousands of isolated scales.[3][7] | ||
Ohiolepis? | O.? xitunensis | Qujing.[3] | A complete scale (V7233.1) & an incomplete scale (V7223.2).[3] | ||
Peilepis | P. solida | Qujing.[3] | A body scale (V7222).[3] |
Jawless fish
Jawless fish reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Parathelodus | P. asiaticus | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Body scales.[8] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |
P. cornuformis | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Body scales.[8] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
P. liaokuoensis | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Body scales.[8] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
P. scitulus | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | A complete body scale (IVPP V 12156.1).[8] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
P. trilobatus | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Body scales.[8] | A thelodont also found in the Xishancun Formation. | ||
P. wangi | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Body scales.[8] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
P. xitunensis | Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | A complete body scale (IVPP V 26113.1).[8] | A thelodont. | ||
Turinia | T. asiatica | Qujing.[3] | Multiple scales.[3] | A thelodont. | ![]() |
Xitunaspis | X. magnus | Qujing.[9] | 4 headshields.[9] | A galeaspid. |
Placoderms
Placoderms reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Antiarchi | Unnamed antiarch | Qujing.[1] | MNHN-CHD02 & V10515.[1] | Originally referred to ?Xichonelepis. | |
Asterosteidae | Gen. et. sp. indet. | Qujing.[10] | Part of the head shield.[10] | Very similar to Gemuendina.[10] | |
Chuchinolepis | C. gracilis | Qujing.[1] | Detached plates.[1] | A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |
C. qujingensis | Plates.[1] | A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |||
C. robusta | Qujing.[1] | A detached AVL plate (V10512).[1] | A chuchinolepidid. | ||
C. sulcata | Qujing.[1] | Trunkshield, plates & incomplete pectoral fin.[1] | A chuchinolepidid. | ||
Gavinaspis | G. convergens | Qujing.[11] | Skull remains.[11] | A phyllolepid. | |
Parayunnanolepis | P. xitunensis | Almost-complete specimen.[12] | A yunnanolepidid. | ![]() | |
Phymolepis | P. cuifengshanensis | Cuifengshan and Liaokuoshan, Qujing.[1][13] | Plates.[1][13] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |
P. guoruii | Qujing.[1] | Trunk-shields & plates.[1] | A yunnanolepidid. | ||
Szeaspis | S. yunnanensis | Qujing.[14] | Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[14] | Preoccupied genus name, renamed Szelepis. | |
Szelepis | S. yunnanensis | Qujing.[14] | Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[14] | An actinolepid originally named Szeaspis. | |
Yunnanolepis | Y. porifera | Qujing.[1] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
Y. sp. | Qujing.[1] | A trunk-shield associated with part of skull roof (V10514).[1] | A yunnanolepidid, specimen formerly assigned to Vanchienolepis. | ||
Zhanjilepis | Z. aspratilis | Qujing.[1] | Plates.[1] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ![]() |
Sarcopterygians
Sarcopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Achoania | A. jarvikii | Qujing.[15] | Anterior cranial portion.[15] | A basal lobe finned fish. | |
Diabolepis | D. speratus | Xichong, Qujing.[16] | Multiple specimens.[16][17] | A dipteriform originally named Diabolichthys. | |
Psarolepis | P. romeri | Xichong, Qujing.[18] | 4 anterior cranial portions, a posterior cranial portion, 2 complete lower jaws & an incomplete lower jaw.[18] | A basal lobe finned fish. | ![]() |
Styloichthys | S. changae | Qujing.[19] | Multiple specimens.[19] | A basal coelacanth.[20] | ![]() |
Youngolepis | Y. praecursor | Numerous specimens.[21] | A basal lobe finned fish also known from the Bac Bun Formation. | ![]() |
Plants
Plants reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Gen. nov. A | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | Numerous specimens.[2] | |||
aff. Huia | aff. H. sp. | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | PKU-XH214.[2] | A lycophyte. | |
Unnamed spike | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | A poorly preserved terminal spike (PKU-XH215a, 215b).[2] | Probably from a zosterophyll. | ||
Xitunia | X. spinitheca | Qujing.[22] | A zosterophyll. | ||
Zosterophyllum | Z. minorstachyum | Qujing.[22] | A zosterophyll. | ![]() | |
Z. shengfengense | A building site at Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng District, Qujing City.[23] | A nearly entire individual plant preserved as a compression (PUH-QXI01-1), and its counterpart (PUH-QXI01-1’).[23] | A zosterophyll. |
See also
- List of fossil sites— (with link directory)
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Zhu, Min (1996-01-01). "The phylogeny of the Antiarcha (Placodermi, Pisces), with the description of Early Devonian antiarchs from Qujing, Yunnan, China". Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Sér.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Xue, Jinzhuang (March 2012). "Lochkovian plants from the Xitun Formation of Yunnan, China, and their palaeophytogeographical significance". Geological Magazine. 149 (2): 333–344. Bibcode:2012GeoM..149..333X. doi:10.1017/S001675681100077X. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 129280508.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Wang, Nianzhong.; Wang, Nianzhong (1984). "Thelodont, acanthodian, and chondrichthyan fossils from the Lower Devonian of southwestern China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107: 419–441. ISSN 0370-047X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Li, Qiang; Cui, Xindong; Andreev, Plamen Stanislavov; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Peng, Lijian; Zhu, Min (2021-05-07). "Nostolepis scale remains (stem Chondrichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan, China". PeerJ. 9: e11093. doi:10.7717/peerj.11093. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8109008. PMID 34012725.
- ^ Zhu, Min. "Meemannia eos, a basal sarcopterygian fish from the Lower Devonian of China – expanded description and significance". Academia.
- ^ Lu, Jing; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt; den Blaauwen, Jan L.; Zhu, Min (2016-06-20). "The Oldest Actinopterygian Highlights the Cryptic Early History of the Hyperdiverse Ray-Finned Fishes". Current Biology. 26 (12): 1602–1608. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.045. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27212403. S2CID 3928790.
- ^ a b Cui, Xindong; Qu, Qingming; Andreev, Plamen S.; Li, Qiang; Mai, Huijuan; Zhu, Min (2021-03-04). "Modeling scale morphogenesis in a Devonian chondrichthyan and scale growth patterns in crown gnathostomes". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1930018. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E0018C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1930018. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 237517966.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Xin-Dong, C. U. I.; Qiang, L. I.; Min, Z. H. U.; Min, Z. H. U. (2020-01-20). "New material of thelodonts from Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of Qujing, Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (1): 1. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190612. ISSN 2096-9899.
- ^ a b Hao-Ran, Sun; Gai, Zhikun; Jia-Chen, Cai; Qiang, L I (April 2022). "Xitunaspis, a new eugaleaspid fish (Eugaleaspiformes, Galeaspida) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220412.
- ^ a b c Jun-Qing, Wang (1991-04-19). "Discovery of asterosteidae from Lower Devonian in Eastern Yuannan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 29 (2): 162. ISSN 2096-9899.
- ^ a b Dupret, V.; Zhu, M. (30 November 2007). "The earliest phyllolepid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Yunnan (South China)". Geological Magazine. 145 (2): 257–278. doi:10.1017/S0016756807004207. ISSN 1469-5081. S2CID 129360262.
- ^ Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Choo, Brian; Wang, Junqing; Jia, Liantao (2012-06-23). "An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates". Biology Letters. 8 (3): 453–456. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1033. PMC 3367742. PMID 22219394.
- ^ a b Wang, Yajing; Zhu, Min (2018-05-28). "Redescription of Phymolepis cuifengshanensis (Antiarcha: Yunnanolepididae) using high-resolution computed tomography and new insights into anatomical details of the endocranium in antiarchs". PeerJ. 6: e4808. doi:10.7717/peerj.4808. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5978403. PMID 29868260.
- ^ a b c d Dupret, Vincent; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (2017-03-04). "Redescription of Szelepis Liu, 1981 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Lower Devonian of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1312422. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E2422D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1312422. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 90912807.
- ^ a b Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Ahlberg, Per E. (2001). "A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk". Nature. 410 (6824): 81–84. doi:10.1038/35065078. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11242045. S2CID 4416579.
- ^ a b Chang, Meemann; Yu, Xiaobo (January 1984). "Structure and phylogenetic significance of Diabolichthys speratus gen. et sp. nov., a new dipnoan-like form from the Lower Devonian of eastern Yunnan, China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107 (3): 171–184.
- ^ Chang, Meemann (January 1995). "Diabolepis and its bearing on the relationships between porolepiforms and dipnoans". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section C. 17 (1): 235–268.
- ^ a b Yu, Xiaobo (1998). "A New Porolepiform-Like Fish, Psarolepis romeri, gen. et sp. nov. (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (2): 261–274. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18..261Y. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011055. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523897.
- ^ a b Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo (September 2002). "A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish". Nature. 418 (6899): 767–770. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..767Z. doi:10.1038/nature00871. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12181564. S2CID 4389974.
- ^ Friedman, Matt (January 2007). "Styloichthys as the oldest coelacanth: Implications for early osteichthyan interrelationships". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (3): 289–343. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5..289F. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002052. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 83712134.
- ^ Cui, Xindong; Friedman, Matt; Qiao, Tuo; Yu, Yilun; Zhu, Min (2022-05-02). "The rapid evolution of lungfish durophagy". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 2390. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.2390C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30091-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9061808. PMID 35501345. S2CID 248504614.
- ^ a b Xue, Jinzhuang (2009-06-10). "Two Zosterophyll Plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 83 (3): 504–512. Bibcode:2009AcGlS..83..504X. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00057.x. S2CID 131021391.
- ^ a b Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang; Guo, Dali; Wang, Deming (January 2010). "Earliest rooting system and root : shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant". New Phytologist. 185 (1): 217–225. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03056.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 19825018. S2CID 5638825.
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