Kekhanan Turkik Pertama
Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama | |||||||||||||
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552–603 | |||||||||||||
![]() Tamga dari puak Ashina.[1] | |||||||||||||
![]() Kekhaganan Turkik pada zaman kemuncaknya, tahun 576. | |||||||||||||
Status | Kekhaganan (empayar nomad) | ||||||||||||
Ibu negara |
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Bahasa yang umum digunakan |
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Agama | Tengrisme | ||||||||||||
Demonim | Türük Türk | ||||||||||||
Qaghan | |||||||||||||
• 551–552 | Bumin Qaghan (pertama) | ||||||||||||
• 599–603 | Tardu (akhir) | ||||||||||||
Yabgu | |||||||||||||
• 552–575 | Istämi (pertama) | ||||||||||||
• 575–599 | Tardu (akhir) | ||||||||||||
Era Sejarah | Selepas klasik | ||||||||||||
• Bumin Qaghan memberontak ke atas Kekhaganan Rouran | 542 | ||||||||||||
• Didirikan | 552 | ||||||||||||
• Perang Saudara Göktürk | 581 | ||||||||||||
• Penyatuan semula singkat | 603 | ||||||||||||
• Perpecahan Kekhaganan Turkik Barat dan Timur | 603 | ||||||||||||
Keluasan | |||||||||||||
557[9][10] | 6,000,000 km2 (2,300,000 bt2) | ||||||||||||
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Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama (juga dirujuk sebagai Empayar Turkik Pertama,[11] Kekhaganan Turkik atau Kekhaganan Göktürk) adalah sebuah kekhaganan Turkik yang diasaskan oleh puak Ashina dari Göktürk pada Zaman Pertengahan di Asia Dalam di bawah kepimpinan Bumin Qaghan (meninggal 552) dan abang beliau Istämi. Kekhaganan Turkik Pertama mengantikan Kekhaganan Rouran sebagai sebuah kuasa hegemoni di Pelantar Mongolia dan dengan pantas meluaskan wilayahnya di Asia Tengah, dan menjadi empayar trans benua Asia Tengah pertama yang bermula di Manchuria ke Laut Hitam.[4]:49[12]
Meskipun Göktürk bertutur Turkik Tua, teks-teks dan syiling rasmi awal kekhaganan ditulis dalam bahasa Sogdia.[5][13] Ia merupakan negara Turkik pertama yang menggunakan nama Türk secara politiknya.[14] Skrip Turkik Tua telah dicipta pada separuh pertama kurun ke-6.[15][16]
Ia runtuh pada tahun 603, selepas satu siri konflik dan perang saudara yang memecahkannya kepada Kekhaganan Turkik Timur dan Kekhaganan Turkik Timur. Empayar Tang menakluk Kekhaganan Turkik Timur pada tahun 630 dan Kekhaganan Turkik Barat pada tahun 657 dalam satu siri kempen ketenteraan. Kekhaganan Turkik Kedua muncul pada tahun 682 dan berlangsung sehingga tahun 744 apabila ia dijatuhkan oleh Kekhaganan Uyghur.
Galeri
- Patung Niri Qaghan, Xinjiang, China.
- Shahnameh menggambarkan Bahram Chobin bertempur dengan Bagha Qaghan.
- Shahnameh menggambarkan Bahram Chobin dan Bagha Qaghan sedang bertempur.
- Patung seramik menunjukan Göktürk pada zaman Dinasti Tang, Mongolia (kurun ke-7).
- Peta Kekhaganan Turkik Pertanma sekitar tahun 570.
- Segelas ayran segar
Lihat juga
Sebelum kurun ke-14 | |||||||
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Khaganate Turkic 552–744 | |||||||
Turkic Barat | |||||||
Turkic Timur | |||||||
Khaganate Khazar 618–1048 | |||||||
Xueyantuo 628–646 | |||||||
Bulgaria Besar 632–668 | |||||||
Danube Bulgaria | |||||||
Volga Bulgaria | |||||||
Kesatuan Kangar 659–750 | |||||||
Khaganate Turgesh 699–766 | |||||||
Khaganate Uyghur 744–840 | |||||||
Negeri Karluk Yabgu 756–940 | |||||||
Khanate Kara-Khanid 840–1212 | |||||||
Kara-Khanid Barat | |||||||
Kara-Khanid Timur | |||||||
Kerajaan Beraja Gansu Uyghur 848–1036 | |||||||
Kerajaan Beraja Qocho 856–1335 | |||||||
Khanate Pecheneg 860–1091 | Khanate Kimek 743–1035 | ||||||
Cumania 1067–1239 | Negeri Oghuz Yabgu 750–1055 | ||||||
Empayar Ghaznavid 963–1186 | |||||||
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 | |||||||
Kesultanan Rum Seljuk | |||||||
Khanate Kerait Kurun ke-11 hingga ke-13 | |||||||
Empayar Khwarazmia 1077–1231 | |||||||
Khanate Naiman –1204 | |||||||
Kerajaan Beraja Qarlughid 1224–1266 | |||||||
Kesultanan Delhi 1206–1526 | |||||||
Dinasti Mamluk | |||||||
Dinasti Khilji | |||||||
Dinasti Tughlaq | |||||||
Gerombolan Emas | [17][18][19] 1240s–1502 | |||||||
Kesultanan Mamluk (Kaherah) 1250–1517 | |||||||
Dinasti Bahri | |||||||
Empayar Uthmaniyyah 1299-1923 | |||||||
Dinasti-dinasti Turkic lain di Anatolia | |||||||
Kotak ini:
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Sebahagian daripada siri tentang | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Sejarah Central Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Purba | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Zaman Pertengahan | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Zaman Penjajahan | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Zaman Permainan Besar | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Topik | ||||||||||||||||||||
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- Kürşat (wira)
- Ashide
Rujukan
- ^ "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
- ^ Sinor 1969, m/s. 101.
- ^ Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. m/s. 24.
- ^ a b Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History.
- ^ a b Roux 2000, m/s. 79.
- ^ Smirnova 1952.
- ^ Vovin 2019, m/s. 133.
- ^ Lirong, M. A. "Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy". In Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia). Volume 8, No. 2, June 2014
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Dicapai pada 16 September 2016.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- ^ Luc Kwanten, (1979), Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500, p. 35
- ^ Taşağıl, Ahmet (2021). Türk Model Devleti Gök Türkler. Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 9786059521598.
- ^ Baratova 2005.
- ^ West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. m/s. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
- ^ Mouton, 2002, Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 49
- ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. m/s. 364.
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. m/s. 280.
- ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. m/s. 162.
Pautan luar
- Turk Bitig
Bibliografi
- Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
- Baratova, Larissa (2005). "Turko-Sogdian Coinage". Encyclopedia Iranica.
- Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
- Benson, Linda (1998), China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks, M.E. Sharpe
- Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000), The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century – Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia), UNESCO Publishing
- Bughra, Imin (1983), The history of East Turkestan, Istanbul: Istanbul publications
- Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
- Golden, Peter B. (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press
- Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492, Barnes & Noble
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1–2, Macmillan
- Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 – The Uighurs", dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 317–342, ISBN 0-521-24304-1
- Millward, James A. (2007), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
- Mackerras, Colin, The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840. Publisher: Australian National University Press, 1972. 226 pages, ISBN 0-7081-0457-6
- Roux, Jean-Paul (2000). Histoire des Turcs (dalam bahasa Perancis). Fayard.
- Sinor, Denis (1969). Inner Asia: History-Civilization-Languages. Indiana University Press.
- Sinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9
- Smirnova (1952). "TURKO-SOGDIAN COINAGE". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
..issues of the khaqans (ḵāqāns) of the Western Turkic khanate in Central Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, so called because the Turkic rulers issued them with Sogdian inscriptions.
- Vovin, A. (2019). "Groping in the Dark: The First Attempt to Interpret the Bugut Brahmi Inscription". Journal Asiatique. 307 (1): 121–134.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780791482681.
- Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
- Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). Turkic peoples (突厥史). Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 978-7-5004-0432-3; OCLC 28622013
Templat:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia Templat:Inner Asia Templat:Göktürks