維生素B3
维生素B3 | |
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药物种类 | |
![]() 维生素B3的三个维生素异构体之一——烟酰胺的结构 | |
生物靶标 | 酶辅因子 |
ATC代码 | A11H |
外部链接 | |
MeSH | D009536 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Niacin |
维生素B3属于维生素B族,包括三个维生素异构体(英语:vitamer),分别是烟酸、烟酰胺和烟酰胺核糖。[1]这三种维生素异构体在人体内都会转化成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)。[1]生命需要NAD,而人体不能在没有维生素B3或色氨酸的情况下合成NAD。[1]烟酰胺核糖于2004年被确认是维生素B3之一。[2][1]
动植物可以通过色氨酸合成烟酸。[3]烟酸存在于许多食物中,其中肉类、家禽、金枪鱼和三文鱼中的烟酸含量最高,而坚果、豆类和种子中的烟酸含量较少。[4][5]作为营养补充品的烟酸可以治疗因缺乏维生素B3导致的糙皮病。糙皮病的症状有皮肤和口腔病变、贫血、头痛和疲倦。[6]许多国家都会要求在面粉和其它粮食添加烟酸防止糙皮病。[4][7]
烟酰胺是辅因子烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP+)的组成部分。虽然烟酸和烟酰胺在维生素活性上相同,但作为酰胺的烟酰胺不会还原胆固醇,也不会造成脸红(英语:flushing (physiology))。[8][9]由于脸红被认为是不良反应,因此烟酰胺被推荐为维生素B3缺乏症的治疗方法。[10]
参考资料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Stipanuk, Martha H.; Caudill, Marie A. Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 541. ISBN 9780323266956 (英语).
Vitamin B3... potentially includes three different molecular forms: nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside
- ^ Bieganowski, P; Brenner, C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans.. Cell. 14 May 2004, 117 (4): 495–502. PMID 15137942. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00416-7
.
- ^ Institute of Medicine. Niacin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1998: 123–149 [29 August 2018]. ISBN 9780309065542. (原始内容存档于2018-09-01).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Niacin. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 8 October 2018 [16 September 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-12).
- ^ Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 3 June 2020 [29 June 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-23).
- ^ Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. International Journal of Dermatology. January 2004, 43 (1): 1–5. PMID 14693013. S2CID 33877664. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x.
- ^ Why fortify?. Food Fortification Initiative. 2017 [4 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于4 April 2017).
- ^ Jaconello P. Niacin versus niacinamide. CMAJ. October 1992, 147 (7): 990. PMC 1336277
. PMID 1393911.
- ^ Kirkland JB. Niacin requirements for genomic stability. Mutation Research. May 2012, 733 (1–2): 14–20 [2023-01-29]. PMID 22138132. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04).
- ^ World Health Organization. Pellagra And Its Prevention And Control In Major Emergencies (报告). World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. hdl:10665/66704
. WHO/NHD/00.10.
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