WikiMini

Bima language

Not to be confused with Bima language (Bantu).
Bima
Bimanese
Nggahi Mbojo
Mbojo Script (Aksara Mbojo) in Bima (Mbojo script variant)
Pronunciation[ŋɡa.hi ᵐbo.d͡ʒo]
Native toIndonesia
RegionSumbawa
EthnicityBimanese
Native speakers
(500,000 cited 1989)[1]
Dialects
  • Kolo
  • Sangar (Sanggar)
  • Toloweri
  • Bima
  • Mbojo
  • Donggo[2]
Latin alphabet (Bimanese Latin alphabet)
Lontara script (Mbojo variant)
Official status
Regulated byBadan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
Language codes
ISO 639-3bhp
Glottologbima1247
ELPBima
  Bima is spoken by the majority of the population or as their mother language
   Bima is spoken by the majority of the population, but also concurrently by a large number of speakers of other languages
   Bima is a minority language

Bima (/ˈbiːmə/ BEE-mah; Nggahi Mbojo, IPA: [ŋɡa.hi ᵐbo.d͡ʒo], Indonesian: Bahasa Bima [baˈha.sa ˈbima]), or Bimanese, is an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia by the Bimanese people, which it shares with speakers of the Sumbawa language. Bima territory includes the Sanggar Peninsula [id], where the extinct Papuan language Tambora was once spoken. Bima is an exonym; the autochthonous name for the territory is Mbojo and the language is referred to as Nggahi Mbojo. There are over half a million Bima speakers. Neither the Bima nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own for they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently.[3]

Classification

[edit]

Long thought to be closely related to the languages of Sumba Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup.[4]

Distribution

[edit]

Bima is primarily spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in Indonesia. It also spoken in the Banta, Sangeang, and Komodo islands.[5]

Dialects

[edit]

According to Ethnologue, dialects of the language include Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, and Mbojo.

Donggo, spoken in mountainous regions to the west of Bima Bay, such as in Doro Ntika of the Doro Oromboha area, is closely related to the main dialect of Bima. It is spoken by about 25,000 people who were formerly primarily Christians and animists; many have converted to Islam, mostly as a result of intermarriages.[6]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ
voiced b d dʒ ɡ
prenasal vl. ᵐp ⁿt ᶮtʃ ᵑk
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ᶮdʒ ᵑɡ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative f s h
Lateral l
Trill r
Approximant w j

Vowels

[edit]
Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Vowels /i e o u/ can have shortened allophones as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ].[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bima at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Just, P. (2001). Dou Donggo Justice: Conflict and Morality in an Indonesian Society. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  3. ^ Prichard, J. C. (1874). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. Vol. 5: Containing Researches Into the History of the Oceanic and of the American Nations. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. ASIN B0041T3N9G.
  4. ^ Blust, R. (2008). "Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?". Oceanic Linguistics. 47 (1): 45–113. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0006. JSTOR 20172340. S2CID 144311741.
  5. ^ Ethnologue
  6. ^ Just, P. (2001). Dou Donggo Justice: Conflict and Morality in an Indonesian Society. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  7. ^ Tama, I Wayan; Sukayana, I Nengah; Partami, Ni Luh; Z.M., Hamidsyukrie (1996). Fonologi Bahasa Bima. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Bima language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator