MMP28

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
MMP28
Identifiers
AliasesMMP28, EPILYSIN, MM28, MMP-25, MMP-28, MMP25, matrix metallopeptidase 28
External IDsOMIM: 608417; MGI: 2153062; HomoloGene: 41559; GeneCards: MMP28; OMA:MMP28 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chromosome 17 (human)
Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)[1]
Chromosome 17 (human)
Genomic location for MMP28
Genomic location for MMP28
Band17q12Start35,756,249 bp[1]
End35,795,707 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse)
Chromosome 11 (mouse)
Chr.Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2]
Chromosome 11 (mouse)
Genomic location for MMP28
Genomic location for MMP28
Band11|11 CStart83,331,594 bp[2]
End83,353,897 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern
Bgee
HumanMouse (ortholog)
Top expressed in
  • tibial nerve

  • right testis

  • left testis

  • skin of abdomen

  • transverse colon

  • right lung

  • upper lobe of left lung

  • rectum

  • mucosa of transverse colon

  • skin of leg
Top expressed in
  • Paneth cell

  • esophagus

  • lip

  • embryo

  • stomach

  • muscle of thigh

  • brown adipose tissue

  • transitional epithelium of urinary bladder

  • ascending aorta

  • aortic valve
More reference expression data
BioGPS
More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function
  • peptidase activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • metallopeptidase activity
  • metalloendopeptidase activity
  • zinc ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • protein binding
Cellular component
  • extracellular region
  • cytoplasm
  • extracellular matrix
  • collagen-containing extracellular matrix
  • extracellular space
Biological process
  • proteolysis
  • negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
  • extracellular matrix organization
  • collagen catabolic process
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

79148

118453

Ensembl

ENSG00000278843
ENSG00000271447

ENSMUSG00000020682

UniProt

Q9H239

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001032278
NM_024302
NM_032950

NM_080453
NM_172797
NM_001320300

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001027449
NP_077278
NP_116568
NP_116568.1

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 35.76 – 35.8 MbChr 11: 83.33 – 83.35 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Matrix metalloproteinase 28 also known as epilysin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP28 gene.[5][6][7]

Function

Matrix metalloproteinase 28, also known as epilysin, belongs to a family of proteins known as matrix metalloproteinases which are common to tissue regulation. Matrix metalloproteinases are commonly known to degrade the extracellular matrix, alongside regulating cell surface receptors MMP-28 releases growth factors and adhesion molecules to modulate inflammation.[8] MMP-28 is unique in that it can be found in many regular tissues, denoting a potential role in maintaining the healthy structure and function of most tissue. MMPs commonly modulate their expression via negative and positive feedback loops as a result of releasing and responding to growth hormones.

MMP-28 is less frequently found in tissues such as the brain, colon, heart, and lungs.[9] However, MMP-28 is expressed heavily in organs such as the testes. Epilysin is also found in high concentration in basal keratinocytes in injured skin, even at some distance away from the wound, showing a role in repairing damaged tissue. MMP-28 also can alter the cell membrane to become more adhesive, and not allowing the cell to migrate.[10]

Structure

MMP-28 is a 520 amino acid long protein. The estimated signal peptide sequence appears as a long tail of random coil coming off of the protein that helps to guide the protein to excretion with the sequence PRCGVTD.[11] The zinc binding catalytic site is tucked within an alpha helix within the center of the protein with a HEIGHTLGLTH sequence at positions 240–250 with a hemopexin-like domain. Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.

Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.

The full amino acid sequence is listed on uniprot.[12]

Clinical implications

The overexpression of MMP-28 is linked to the metastasis of tumors in cancer.[13] Expression of MMP-28 can be linked to tumor diameter, depth of invasion, and stage of metastasis. In patients with positive overexpression of MMP-28, survival may be significantly less likely compared to negative expression of this protein, making it a potentially important marker for proactive prognosis of some forms of cancer.

MMP-28 may also play an important role in the breakdown of myelin,[14] an important component of nervous system functionality. Demyelination may interrupt nerve signaling or even halt it completely, which can create severe neurological effects such as multiple sclerosis transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c ENSG00000271447 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278843, ENSG00000271447 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020682 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
  6. ^ Marchenko GN, Strongin AY (March 2001). "MMP-28, a new human matrix metalloproteinase with an unusual cysteine-switch sequence is widely expressed in tumors". Gene. 265 (1–2): 87–93. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00360-2. PMID 11255011.
  7. ^ "Entrez Gene: MMP28 matrix metallopeptidase 28".
  8. ^ Illman SA, Lohi J, Keski-Oja J (November 2008). "Epilysin (MMP-28)--structure, expression and potential functions". Experimental Dermatology. 17 (11): 897–907. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00782.x. PMID 18803661. S2CID 9952480.
  9. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
  10. ^ Rodgers UR, Kevorkian L, Surridge AK, Waters JG, Swingler TE, Culley K, et al. (June 2009). "Expression and function of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28". Matrix Biology. 28 (5): 263–272. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.006. PMC 2724077. PMID 19375502.
  11. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.m001599200. PMID 11121398.
  12. ^ "Uniprot". Uniprot. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  13. ^ Zhang J, Pan Q, Yan W, Wang Y, He X, Zhao Z (May 2018). "Overexpression of MMP21 and MMP28 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor prognosis". Oncology Letters. 15 (5): 7776–7782. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8328. PMC 5920775. PMID 29731903.
  14. ^ Werner SR, Dotzlaf JE, Smith RC (September 2008). "MMP-28 as a regulator of myelination". BMC Neuroscience. 9: 83. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-83. PMC 2551619. PMID 18778487.
  15. ^ "Find out more about demylinating disease like multiple sclerosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-24.

Further reading

  • Illman SA, Keski-Oja J, Lohi J (September 2001). "Promoter characterization of the human and mouse epilysin (MMP-28) genes". Gene. 275 (1): 185–194. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00664-3. PMID 11574168.
  • Saarialho-Kere U, Kerkelä E, Jahkola T, Suomela S, Keski-Oja J, Lohi J (July 2002). "Epilysin (MMP-28) expression is associated with cell proliferation during epithelial repair". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 119 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01790.x. PMID 12164918.
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, et al. (December 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
  • Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, et al. (October 2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment". Genome Research. 13 (10): 2265–2270. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMC 403697. PMID 12975309.
  • Bar-Or A, Nuttall RK, Duddy M, Alter A, Kim HJ, Ifergan I, et al. (December 2003). "Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis". Brain. 126 (Pt 12): 2738–2749. doi:10.1093/brain/awg285. PMID 14506071.
  • Kevorkian L, Young DA, Darrah C, Donell ST, Shepstone L, Porter S, et al. (January 2004). "Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in cartilage". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 50 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1002/art.11433. PMID 14730609.
  • Bister VO, Salmela MT, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Uria J, Lohi J, Puolakkainen P, et al. (April 2004). "Differential expression of three matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-19, MMP-26, and MMP-28, in normal and inflamed intestine and colon cancer". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 49 (4): 653–661. doi:10.1023/B:DDAS.0000026314.12474.17. PMID 15185874. S2CID 34192223.
  • Momohara S, Okamoto H, Komiya K, Ikari K, Takeuchi M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N (December 2004). "Matrix metalloproteinase 28/epilysin expression in cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: comment on the article by Kevorkian et al". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 50 (12): 4074–5, author reply 4075. doi:10.1002/art.20799. PMID 15593191.
  • Renò F, Sabbatini M, Stella M, Magliacani G, Cannas M (2005). "Effect of in vitro mechanical compression on Epilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-28) expression in hypertrophic scars". Wound Repair and Regeneration. 13 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130307.x. PMID 15953044. S2CID 24640193.

External links

  • The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M10.030